Figure 2

SEM images (a–d), TEM images (e–h), and EDX spectra (i–l) on different SnO₂ photoanodes, confirming the presence of the constituent elements, SnO₂ anodes: (a,e,i) before treatment; (b,f,j) treated with 50 mM TiCl₄; (c,g,k) treated with 90 mM TiCl₄; (d,h,l) treated with TiO_X.