Table 1 Average analytical responses of authentic cocaine samples from 19 South American coca-growing regions.

From: Geographically Sourcing Cocaine’s Origin – Delineation of the Nineteen Major Coca Growing Regions in South America

Growing Region (N = )

Tropacocaine

Trimethoxycocaine

Truxillines

δ15N

δ13C

δ2H

δ18O

Amazonas (19)

0.41 (0.17)

0.69 (0.20)

3.9 (0.6)

−4.3 (0.9)

−35.7 (0.5)

−210.9 (10.0)

12.9 (1.9)

Antioquia (20)

0.61 (0.31)

0.26 (0.09)

6.2 (1.3)

−7.6 (1.5)

−34.3 (0.4)

−228.7 (4.7)

10.4 (1.1)

Arauca (20)

4.86 (2.72)

0.01 (0.00)

24.1 (9.7)

−7.4 (2.2)

−33.4 (0.5)

−167.8 (7.0)

23.8 (2.1)

Caquetá (30)

0.48 (0.56)

0.30 (0.34)

9.7 (5.1)

−0.9 (2.0)

−34.3 (0.4)

−189.0 (17.8)

18.6 (3.1)

Cauca (12)

1.28 (2.01)

0.24 (0.19)

7.4 (5.0)

−6.0 (2.3)

−33.3 (1.3)

−199.0 (9.0)

16.3 (1.8)

Chapare (56)

0.26 (0.06)

0.16 (0.03)

2.7 (0.3)

−12.3 (1.2)

−34.5 (0.3)

−220.1 (15.2)

15.1 (3.0)

Chocó (20)

0.75 (0.45)

0.50 (0.14)

3.5 (0.8)

−8.8 (0.6)

−34.9 (0.5)

−218.5 (3.9)

11.3 (2.5)

Cusco (41)

0.12 (0.04)

0.27 (0.06)

4.1 (1.6)

−9.5 (0.8)

−33.7 (0.4)

−226.7 (14.1)

18.3 (3.4)

Guaviare (18)

0.14 (0.11)

0.59 (0.19)

4.3 (1.5)

−5.2 (1.4)

−34.9 (0.6)

−191.9 (7.6)

19.2 (2.1)

Meta (19)

0.73 (0.49)

0.73 (0.24)

5.0 (1.4)

−5.5 (1.7)

−34.8 (0.4)

−223.6 (7.1)

12.0 (1.8)

Nariño (33)

0.53 (0.41)

0.47 (0.30)

4.2 (3.3)

−8.8 (1.7)

−35.5 (0.8)

−199.1 (5.1)

16.1 (1.8)

Norte de Santander (15)

3.52 (4.39)

0.35 (0.37)

26.4 (24.7)

−4.0 (1.8)

−34.4 (1.0)

−207.5 (4.6)

14.4 (1.1)

Putumayo (36)

0.75 (1.19)

0.60 (0.21)

7.6 (3.4)

−4.5 (2.0)

−34.4 (0.7)

−205.6 (9.0)

18.7 (2.1)

San Lucas (20)

2.40 (1.75)

0.04 (0.11)

22.2 (5.4)

−4.8 (2.3)

−33.7 (0.6)

−181.2 (7.1)

19.5 (1.6)

Santander (18)

0.51 (0.30)

0.62 (0.39)

4.7 (2.7)

−9.1 (1.3)

−35.2 (0.6)

−197.2 (9.8)

15.5 (1.5)

UHV (96)

0.17 (0.06)

0.19 (0.04)

3.7 (0.6)

−8.1 (1.1)

−35.0 (0.4)

−219.0 (11.1)

15.1 (2.6)

Valle de Cauca (19)

1.00 (0.45)

0.19 (0.04)

4.1 (0.7)

−10.1 (1.4)

−34.7 (0.4)

−225.0 (2.4)

12.2 (0.9)

Vaupés (18)

0.56 (0.32)

0.50 (0.18)

4.7 (1.1)

−6.8 (1.9)

−35.7 (0.6)

−194.2 (5.7)

17.5 (1.4)

Vichada (19)

1.06 (0.07)

1.77 (0.45)

6.7 (0.4)

−4.7 (0.2)

−35.6 (0.1)

−209.1 (5.0)

13.4 (0.3)

  1. Alkaloid values are represented as % relative to cocaine. Isotope ratios are represented in ‰. The standard deviation for each measurement is shown in parentheses.
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