Figure 1
From: Indian monsoon variability on millennial-orbital timescales
Comparison of ISM and EAM records over the past 280 ka.
(A) Simulated average summer (June–August) precipitation rate in the ISM region using a fully coupled global ocean–atmosphere model (FOAM)11. (B) Xiaobailong and Tianmen (grey) records, China26,27 in the transition area between ISM and EAM domains. The ISM record (this study) and composite EAM record25 are shown in red (C) and blue (D), respectively. (E) The atmospheric δ18O record from Antarctic ice-core EDC39 is plotted for comparison. The grey curves represent July 21 insolation at 65°N40. Vertical dashed lines depict correlations of abrupt ISM and EAM shifts. Yellow bars indicate glacial terminations I to III. Grey shadings depict interglacial time periods. Hiatuses occurred mainly during interglacial when NHSI was high. Both ISM and EAM show broadly similar orbital to millennial scale variations, but the ISM record has a larger amplitude. The two monsoon records are similar to the simulation result and follow NHSI broadly on the orbital scale. It is notable that the Xiaobailong record shows much larger glacial-interglacial changes than the Bittoo record.
