Figure 1: Design, fabrication, and detection principle of the bead-based microfluidic EC sensing system.

(a) Illustration of the immunosensing principle with the EC sensor for detection of target biomarkers. (b) Configuration of the fabricated microfluidic sensing chip, (i) photograph of the microfluidic chip with an integrated microelectrode, (ii) photograph of the microelectrode, (iii) photograph of the reaction chamber with oxidized TMB, (iv) transfer of oxidized TMB to the detection chamber. (c) Schematic of the microfluidic sensing system integrated with organs-on-chip for continual monitoring of a target biomarker.