Figure 6: On-line measurement of biomarkers secretion from primary hepatocyte bioreactor construct upon drug treatment.

(a) Photograph of the fabricated bioreactor with bioprinted primary hepatocyte spheroids. (b,c) Continual EC measurements of TF (b) and ALB (c) production rate in primary hepatocyte bioreactor with 5 mM and 10 mM APAP treatment. (d) Live/dead staining and cell viability quantification of primary hepatocyte spheroids treated with 5 mM, and 10 mM APAP. Staining was performed at Day 1, 3, and 5 using calcin AM (green) and ethidium homodimer (red). Data are representative of three independent experiments (ns = not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).