Figure 3: Principal component analyses (PCA) of shifts in soil under different levels of N fertilization for in the summer.

(A) and winter (B) soil samples. 100N: normal application rate of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O was 185, 46, and 185 kg ha⁻¹, respectively; 80N: 0.8 times N as in the 100N; 50N: 0.5 times N as in the 100N; CK: no N applied.