Table 1 Retention time (t_R), retention factor (k), separation factor (α), peak purity (pp) and contents of various carotenoids in carotenoid fraction isolated from R. nasutus extract along with their absorption and mass spectra data for identification.

From: Utilization of Microemulsions from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz to Improve Carotenoid Bioavailability

Peak No.	Carotenoid	t_R (min)	k	α	pp (%)	Absorption data (nm)						Mass data (m/z) ⁱ		Content (μ g/mL)
Peak No.	Carotenoid	t_R (min)	k	α	pp (%)	Online λ_max^f			Reported λ_max^h			Online [M + H]⁺	Reported [M + H]⁺^h	Content (μ g/mL)
1	all-trans-neoxanthin ^a	8.25	1.16	2.27 (1, 2) ^e	98.8	418	440	468	418	440	468	601	601	1.03 ± 0.01
2	all-trans-violaxanthin ^a	13.88	2.63	1.54 (2, 3) ^e	96.4	416	440	468	416	440	468	601	601	8.26 ± 0.74
3	13- or 13′ -cis-lutein ^b	19.35	4.07	1.09 (3, 4) ^e	95.6	416	440	464	416	438	464	569	569	5.59 ± 0.88
4	13- or 13′ -cis-lutein ^b	20.73	4.43	1.14 (4, 5) ^e	91.5	414	438	466	414	438	466	569	569	3.35 ± 0.78
5	all-trans-lutein ^c	23.07	5.04	1.50 (5,IS) ^e	99.3	424	446	474	422	446	474	569	569	50.3 ± 2.69
6	β -apo-8′ -carotenal (IS) ^d	32.74	7.57	1.40 (IS, 7) ^e	99.4	– ^g	464	– ^g	– ^g	464	– ^g	417	417	– ^g
7	all-trans-β -cryptoxanthin ^c	44.24	10.58	1.04 (7, 8) ^e	97.2	428	456	480	428	456	480	553	553	1.99 ± 0.91
8	13- or 13′ -cis-α -carotene ^b	45.77	10.98	1.03 (8, 9) ^e	97.7	334	442	468	334	442	468	537	537	2.95 ± 0.32
9	13- or 13′ -cis-α -carotene ^b	46.96	11.29	1.03 (9, 10) ^e	94.2	334	442	468	334	442	468	537	537	2.44 ± 0.06
10	15- or 15′ -cis-β -carotene ^b	48.31	11.65	1.04 (10, 11) ^e	98.6	340	454	478	340	452	478	537	537	2.70 ± 0.15
11	13- or 13′ -cis-β -carotene ^b	49.88	12.06	1.05 (11, 12) ^e	99.6	342	448	474	342	448	474	537	537	12.8 ± 0.92
12	all-trans-α -carotene ^c	52.17	12.66	1.12 (12, 13) ^e	99.7	424	448	476	424	450	476	537	537	49.2 ± 2.69
13	all-trans-β -carotene ^c	57.82	14.14	1.04 (13, 14) ^e	99.9	428	454	482	428	456	482	537	537	144 ± 7.78
14	9- or 9′ -cis-β -carotene ^b	60.07	14.73	1.04 (13, 14) ^e	99.6	346	450	474	340	450	476	537	537	19.6 ± 1.34

^aIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of samples isolated from spinach by thin-layer chromatography.
^bIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of HPLC chromatogram obtained for photoisomerized all-trans standards as shown in Fig. 2.
^cIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of commercially obtained reference standards.
^dInternal standard.
^eNumbers in parentheses represent values between two neighboring peaks.
^fA gradient mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-water (82:14:4, v/v/v) and methylene chloride (from 95:5, v/v to 69:31, v/v) was used.
^gData not available.
^hBased on a gradient mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-water (82:14:4, v/v/v) and methylene chloride (from 100:0, v/v to 55:45, v/v) used by Kao et al.¹⁸
ⁱm/z is mass-to-charge ratio.

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Table 1 Retention time (t_R), retention factor (k), separation factor (α), peak purity (pp) and contents of various carotenoids in carotenoid fraction isolated from R. nasutus extract along with their absorption and mass spectra data for identification.

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