Table 2 Pharmacokinetic parameters* of carotenoids and lutein in rat serum after oral administration of carotenoid microemulsion and dispersion at 2 and 20 mg/kg bw, respectively.

From: Utilization of Microemulsions from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz to Improve Carotenoid Bioavailability

Parameters

Oral administration

Intravenous injection of microemulsion

Dispersion in oil

Microemulsion

Carotenoids

 Tmax (min) b

240

480

–

 Cmax (ng/mL) c

0.50 ± 0.20

2.20 ± 1.20 a

310.13 ± 30.14

 t1/2 (min) d

1167.83 ± 699.74

1520.75 ± 731.25

215.17 ± 90.19

 AUC (min μ g/mL) e

0.46 ± 0.29

1.83 ± 1.02 a

40.80 ± 6.55

 Oral bioavailability (%)

0.11 ± 0.07

0.45 ± 0.25 a

–

Lutein

 Tmax (min) b

240

480

–

 Cmax (ng/mL) c

0.50 ± 0.20

2.20 ± 1.20 a

99.87 ± 11.45

 t1/2 (min) d

1167.83 ± 699.74

1520.75 ± 731.25

15.73 ± 2.79

 AUC (min μ g/mL) e

0.46 ± 0.29

1.83 ± 1.02 a

2.95 ± 0.37

 Oral bioavailability (%)

1.57 ± 1.00

6.25 ± 3.50 a

–

  1. *Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 for each group).
  2. aSignificantly different (p < 0.05) data when compared with dispersion group as determined by Student’s t-test.
  3. bTime to reach Cmax.
  4. cMaximum serum concentration.
  5. dTime to reach half concentration.
  6. eArea under the concentration-time curve.
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