Table 2 Hierarchical analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) for 18 L. chinensis populations.

Groups	Data set	Source of variation	d.f.	Variance components	Percentage variation
None	All	Among populations within groups	17	0.274	7.28**
		Within populations	522	3.491	92.72**
Clusters	East vs. West	Among groups	1	0.239	6.16**
		Among populations within groups	16	0.149	3.85**
		Within populations	552	3.491	89.99**
Vegetation	M–T–D	Among groups	2	0.170	4.44**
		Among populations within groups	15	0.177	4.62**
		Within populations	552	3.491	90.94**
Soil pH	Nearly neutral vs. Alkaline	Among groups	1	0.013	0.33^ns
		Among populations within groups	16	0.268	7.10**
		Within populations	552	3.491	92.57**

M: meadow, T: typical steppe and D: desert steppe, East (01–10 sites), West (11–18 sites), Nearly neutral (7.0 < pH ≤ 8.0), Alkaline (pH > 8.0). **P < 0.01, ns: not significant in each hierarchical analysis.

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