Table 1 General characteristics stratified by baseline proteinuria.

From: Proteinuria as a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: a Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Variable

Baseline UPCR ≤1.04 g/g (n = 999)

Baseline UPCR >1.04 g/g (n = 892)

Pvalue

Age (years)

68 ± 13

64 ± 13

<0.001

Men

634 (63.5)

442 (49.6)

<0.001

Married

767 (76.8)

661 (74.1)

0.177

Educated*

296 (29.6)

268 (30.0)

0.098

Employed

302 (30.2)

306 (34.3)

0.058

Smoker

189 (18.9)

190 (21.3)

0.197

Alcohol

92 (9.2)

76 (8.5)

0.60

Diabetic nephropathy

126 (12.6)

466 (52.2)

<0.001

Comorbidity

 Diabetes

397 (39.7)

518 (58.1)

<0.001

 Cardiovascular disease

174 (17.4)

154 (17.3)

0.93

 Hypertension

744 (74.5)

730 (81.8)

<0.001

 PCKD

24 (2.4)

11 (1.2)

0.060

Herbal medication use

70 (7.0)

78 (8.7)

0.160

 Prescribed

29 (2.9)

35 (3.9)

0.22

 Non-prescribed

46 (4.6)

46 (5.2)

0.58

 ≥3 antihypertensive agents

108 (10.8)

148 (16.6)

<0.001

 RAS blockade use

445 (44.5)

405 (45.4)

0.71

Baseline characteristics

 CKD stage 3b

419 (41.9)

171 (19.2)

<0.001

 CKD stage 4

434 (43.4)

403 (45.2)

0.46

 CKD stage 5

146 (14.6)

318 (35.7)

<0.001

 MAP (mmHg)

93.8 ± 12.2

98.4 ± 13.5

<0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.5 ± 4.2

25.7 ± 4.6

0.39

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.6 ± 2.0

10.8 ± 2.0

<0.001

 Corrected calcium (mg/dL)

9.0 ± 0.6

8.9 ± 0.6

0.011

 Phosphate (mg/dL)

3.8 ± 0.8

4.2 ± 0.8

<0.001

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.3 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.5

<0.001

 UPCR (g/g)

0.42 ± 0.29

2.99 ± 2.36

<0.001

 GFR (mL/min/per 1.73 m2)

27.24 ± 10.09

20.49 ± 9.88

<0.001

Changes

 ΔMAP (mmHg)

−0.5 ± 14.4

−1.8 ± 15.9

0.059

 ΔBMI (kg/m2)

−0.2 ± 1.6

−0.3 ± 1.8

0.31

 ΔHemoglobin (g/dL)

0.0 ± 1.4

−0.5 ± 1.6

<0.001

 ΔCorrected Ca (mg/dL)

0.00 ± 0.6

0.0 ± 0.7

0.165

 ΔPhosphate (mg/dL)

0.0 ± 0.8

0.4 ± 1.1

<0.001

 ΔAlbumin (g/dL)

−0.1 ± 0.4

−0.1 ± 0.4

0.83

 ΔUPCR (g/g)

0.36 ± 1.11

0.15 ± 2.76

0.029

Interval of changes (months)

19.1 ± 8.3

16.5 ± 6.0

<0.001

Annual GFR change (mL/min/per 1.73 m2 per year)

−0.07 ± 5.82

−4.01 ± 5.24

<0.001

Follow-up time (months)

34.6 ± 12.3

29.2 ± 11.7

<0.001

Composite renal death

88 (8.8)

279 (31.3)

<0.001

 Mortality

28 (2.8)

32 (3.6)

0.33

 Dialysis

60 (6.0)

247 (27.7)

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Δ, changes in each covariate (defined as the level during follow-up minus the baseline level).
  2. Note: Data are mean ± SD or frequency (%).
  3. *Participant with at least junior high school education.
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