Table 3 Characteristics of participants stratified by level of change in proteinuria.

From: Proteinuria as a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: a Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Variable

ΔUPCR ≤0.30 g/g (n = 1261)

ΔUPCR >0.30 g/g (n = 630)

P value

Age

67 ± 13

65 ± 13

0.025

Men

754 (59.8)

322 (51.1)

<0.001

Married

962 (76.3)

466 (74.0)

0.28

Educated*

392 (31.1)

172 (27.3)

0.098

Employed

407 (32.3)

201 (31.9)

0.88

Smoker

259 (20.5)

120 (19.0)

0.47

Diabetic nephropathy

365 (28.9)

227 (36.0)

0.002

Comorbidity

 Diabetes

592 (46.9)

323 (51.3)

0.079

 Cardiovascular disease

226 (17.9)

102 (16.2)

0.37

 Hypertension

959 (76.1)

515 (81.7)

0.005

 PCKD

24 (1.9)

11 (1.7)

0.86

 Herbal medication use

98 (7.8)

50 (7.9)

0.93

 ≥3 antihypertensive agents

158 (12.5)

98 (15.6)

0.075

 RAS blockade use

566 (44.9)

284 (45.1)

0.96

Baseline characteristics

 CKD stage 3b

445 (35.3)

145 (23)

<0.001

 CKD stage 4

548 (43.5)

289 (45.9)

0.33

 CKD stage 5

268 (21.3)

196 (31.1)

<0.001

 MAP (mmHg)

96.1 ± 13.1

95.6 ± 12.8

0.42

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.5 ± 4.3

25.6 ± 4.5

0.67

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.4 ± 2.1

10.8 ± 2.0

<0.001

 Corrected calcium (mg/dL)

9.2 ± 0.6

9.1 ± 0.6

0.095

 Phosphate (mg/dL)

3.9 ± 0.8

4.1 ± 0.8

<0.001

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.3 ± 0.4

4.2 ± 0.4

0.013

 UPCR (g/g)

1.66 ± 2.29

1.57 ± 1.58

0.38

 GFR (mL/min/per 1.73 m2)

25.10 ± 10.54

21.96 ± 10.24

<0.001

Changes

 ΔMAP (mmHg)

−2.6 ± 14.9

1.9 ± 15.0

<0.001

 ΔBMI (kg/m2)

−0.2 ± 1.7

−0.2 ± 1.8

0.56

 ΔHemoglobin (g/dL)

−0.2 ± 1.4

−0.1 ± 1.7

0.175

 ΔCorrected calcium (mg/dL)

0.0 ± 0.6

−0.1 ± 0.7

0.092

 ΔPhosphate (mg/dL)

0.1 ± 0.9

0.3 ± 1.2

0.002

 ΔAlbumin (g/dL)

−0.1 ± 0.4

−0.2 ± 0.4

<0.001

 ΔUPCR (g/g)

−0.55 ± 1.35

1.89 ± 2.27

<0.001

Interval of changes (months)

17.7 ± 7.0

18.2 ± 8.0

0.26

Annual GFR change (mL/min/per 1.73 m2 per year)

−1.58 ± 5.80

−2.62 ± 6.01

<0.001

Follow-up time (months)

32.5 ± 12.2

31.1 ± 12.6

0.015

Composite renal death

192 (15.2)

175 (27.8)

<0.001

 Mortality

39 (3.1)

21 (3.3)

0.78

 Dialysis

153 (12.1)

154 (24.4)

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: Δ, changes in each covariate (defined as the level during follow-up minus the baseline level); UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
  2. Note: Data are mean ± SD or frequency (%).
  3. *Participant with at least junior high school education.
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