Figure 4: Contraction behaviors of hornworm-like hybrid muscle.

(a) Photographs of the EFS-stimulated hybrid muscle (left, relaxation state; right, contraction state; scale bars, 10 mm). (b) Frequency-contraction distance relationship of the hybrid muscle in response to varying EFS frequencies (1–8 Hz). (c) Baseline movement in response to EFS frequency changes was compared between the hybrid muscle and the single myotube. Baseline movement is normalized to the amplitude at 1 Hz. (d) Normalized contraction behaviors of a single myotube and hybrid muscle system at 1 Hz. (e) The half-contraction and half-relaxation times (t_½) were compared between the single myotube and the hybrid muscle system.