Table 4 Anthropometric and metabolic parameters in tertiles of changes of TMAO levels during the lifestyle intervention.

From: Relationship of Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Levels with early Atherosclerosis in Humans

 

1st Tertile

2nd Tertile

3rd Tertile

Baseline

Follow-up

Baseline

Follow-up

Baseline

Follow-up

TMAO (μmol/l)

3.84 ± 2.06

2.1 ± 0.80***

2.54 ± 1.11

2.57 ± 1.07

2.13 ± 0.94

4.82 ± 4.43***

cIMT (mm)

0.58 ± 0.13

0.55 ± 0.12*

0.56 ± 0.11

0.56 ± 0.12

0.56 ± 0.13

0.55 ± 0.12

Gender (males/females)

26/47

 

29/46

 

35/37

 

Age (years)

44 ± 12

 

47 ± 11

 

48 ± 10

 

Body mass index (kg ∙ m−2)

29.8 ± 5.2

29.2 ± 5.0**

29.5 ± 4.6

28.5 ± 4.7***

29.3 ± 4.8

27.9 ± 4.4***

Total body fat MRT (kg)

26.7 ± 11.3

25.1 ± 10.9**

26.7 ± 9.8

24.1 ± 9.7***

25.1 ± 9.7

21.8 ± 9.6***

Visceral fat MRT (kg)

2.8 ± 1.8

2.5 ± 1.7***

3.0 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 1.8***

3.3 ± 2.0

2.7 ± 1.***

Liver fat MRS (%)

5.6 ± 6.3

4.5 ± 6.6*

4.9 ± 5.4

3.9 ± 4.9**

6.9 ± 7.8

4.2 ± 4.4***

Fasting glucose (mM)

5.2 ± 0.5

5.2 ± 0.5

5.2 ± 0.5

5.2 ± 0.6

5.3 ± 0.6

5.2 ± 0.5*

Fasting insulin (pM)

64 ± 42

62 ± 38

60 ± 34

52 ± 32 **

66 ± 54

50 ± 32**

2 hr glucose (mM)

6.7 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.6

6.9 ± 1.5

6.9 ± 1.8

7.3 ± 1.7

6.8 ± 1.6**

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

193 ± 36

193 ± 36

188 ± 37

185 ± 38

201 ± 37

198 ± 38

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

54 ± 14

54 ± 12

50 ± 11

50 ± 12

54 ± 14

55 ± 16

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

120 ± 31

121 ± 30

117 ± 29

113 ± 37

125 ± 29

119 ± 32*

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

117 ± 101

110 ± 62

117 ± 72

110 ± 71

145 ± 144

134 ± 138

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)

94 ± 21

91 ± 18

92 ± 22

91 ± 23

99 ± 23

93 ± 22**

Hs-CRP (mg/dl)

0.26 ± 0.38

0.18 ± 0.27**

0.20 ± 0.26

0.19 ± 0.28

0.21 ± 0.28

0.15 ± 0.21*

TNF-alpha (pg/ml)§

2.9 ± 6.7

1.8 ± 4.4*

4.0 ± 10.0

1.3 ± 2.2*

2.2 ± 5.5

0.8 ± 0.4*

Systolic BP (mmHg)

121 ± 16

120 ± 16

127 ± 17

124 ± 16

124 ± 15

123 ± 14

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76 ± 11

75 ± 10

77 ± 11

76 ± 10

77 ± 12

76 ± 10

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

82.1 ± 17.7

85.7 ± 19.3*

78.5 ± 16.1

83.8 ± 18.2**

79.7± 14.3

82.1 ± 16.1

HOMA-IR (arb. u.)

2.5 ± 1.7

2.4 ± 1.5

2.4 ± 1.4

2.0 ± 1.3**

2.7 ± 2.5

1.9 ± 1.4**

Insulin sensitivityOGTT (arb. u.)

12.7 ± 6.8

12.9 ± 6.8

12.8 ± 7.0

14.8 ± 7.8**

12.6 ± 7.5

15.3 ± 8.3***

Insulin clearance (arb. u.)

5.41 ± 1.85

5.36 ± 1.88

5.47 ± 1.69

5.72 ± 1.70

5.66 ± 2.19

6.09 ± 2.00**

  1. Data are means ± SD. §Only available in 144 subjects. #Only available in 167 subjects at baseline and in 45 subjects at follow-up. MRT: magnetic resonance tomography, MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; BP: blood pressure; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.0001.
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