Figure 3
From: Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997
Location of the field sites where smoke for the emissions factor calculations was sampled, approx. 30 km southeast of Palangkaraya and shown via colour composite satellite imagery from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) collected on 14 October 09:30 LT at 30 m spatial resolution. (A) Data from infrared bands only (RGB = 7,5,3) reveals a 20 km long flaming front progressing across a 16,000 ha peat-swamp forest block. (B) Imagery from the visible and infrared bands (RGB = 5,4,3) more clearly shows the thick smoke plume carried northwest by the prevailing easterly trade winds. Image striping is caused by the 2003 failure of the ETM+ Scan Line Corrector (SLC), but do not affect the interpretations made here. Inset in (B) shows coarser spatial resolution MODIS colour composite imagery of the same day, indicating the broader scale situation and the presence of large smoke plumes from the burning vegetation and peat. The southern coast of Kalimantan can be seen at the bottom of the inset. In situ measurement of these plumes was conducted at the four locations indicated by the flags in the inset, three of which are seen in the ETM+ subscene. On 12 October plumes 1–4 (Fig. 2) were measured at location 1. On 14 October (date of this imagery) plumes 5, 6 (location 2) and 7 (location 3) were measured. On 16 October plumes 8–11 (location 4) were measured. Map created using ArcMap v10.2.2 geospatial processing program http://www.esri.com. The LANDSAT imagery was downloaded from the US Geological Survey website at: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.
