Table 1 Clinical characteristics, plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apos), low-grade inflammation score and cholesterol efflux in 552 subjects according to glucose metabolism status (normal glucose metabolism [NGM], impaired glucose metabolism [IGM] and Type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]).

From: Impaired HDL cholesterol efflux in metabolic syndrome is unrelated to glucose tolerance status: the CODAM study

 

NGM (n = 288)

IGM (n = 126)

T2DM (n = 138)

P-value

Age (years)

59 ± 7

60 ± 7

61 ± 6b

0.005

Sex (men/women)

173/115

75/51

91/47

0.45

MetS (yes/no)

92/196

87/39

118/20

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

135 ± 18

143 ± 18c

148 ± 19c

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

80 ± 8

84 ± 9c

85 ± 10c

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

96 ± 11

101 ± 12c

105 ± 12c,e

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

27.5 ± 3.9

28.9 ± 4.3b

30.3 ± 4.7c,d

<0.001

Current smoking (yes/no/unknown)

60/222/6

25/99/2

26/108/4

0.94

Alcohol consumption (gram/day)

9 (2–23)

9 (1–23)

8 (1–21)

0.61

Cardiovascular disease (yes/no)

69/219

35/91

53/85a,d

0.008

Glucose lowering therapy (yes/no)*

0/288

3/123

68/70c,f

<0.001

Lipid-modifying therapy (yes/no)

46/242

25/101

35/103

0.069

Antihypertensive therapy (yes/no)

84/204

52/74b

80/58c

<0.001

Glucose (mmol/l)

5.3 ± 0.4

5.9 ± 0.5c

7.9 ± 1.8c,f

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.6 ± 0.4

5.8 ± 0.4a

6.8 ± 1.1c,f

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.22 ± 0.90

5.30 ± 0.93

5.18 ± 1.20

0.58

Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.94 ± 0.94

4.13 ± 0.95

4.12 ± 1.21

0.11

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.35 ± 0.87

3.37 ± 0.85

3.16 ± 0.87

0.084

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.27 ± 0.36

1.16 ± 0.34b

1.06 ± 0.29c,d

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.60 (1.10–2.20)

1.80 (1.20–2.40)c,d

<0.001

ApoA-I (g/l)

1.48 ± 0.25

1.45 ± 0.24

1.39 ± 0.22c

0.002

ApoB (g/l)

1.10 ± 0.24

1.16 ± 0.24

1.14 ± 0.26

0.14

Low-grade inflammation score (Z-score)

−0.19 ± 0.98

0.08 ± 0.93a

0.33 ± 1.01c

<0.001

Cholesterol efflux capacity

1.35 ± 0.30

1.34 ± 0.30

1.31 ± 0.29

0.42

  1. Data are given as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). Apo, apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoproteins; LDL, low density lipoproteins; MetS, metabolic syndrome. Inflammation markers were available in 287 NGM, 126 IGM and 134 T2DM subjects. Low-grade inflammation score is expressed in Z-score of the whole study population. *Insulin was used in 12 T2DM subjects. P-value by ANOVA or chi-square test. aP < 0.05 from NGM; bP < 0.01 from NGM; cP < 0.001 from NGM; dP < 0.05 from IGM; eP < 0.01 from IGM; fP < 0.001 from IGM.
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