Table 3 Path analysis between the active ingredient contents, antioxidant activity and primary factors.

Items	Primary factors	Direct Path coefficient	Indirect Path coefficient					Significance level (P-value)
Items	Primary factors	Direct Path coefficient	Total	→X_AMT	→X_AAP	→X_ASD	→X_ALTI	Significance level (P-value)
Tannin	X_AMT	0.447	−0.362		−0.398	0.673	−0.637	0.229
	X_AAP	−0.821	0.533	0.081		−0.413	0.324	0.327
	X_ASD	0.541	0.202	0.230	−0.169		0.141	0.073
	X_ALTI	−0.739	0.210	−0.045	0.001	0.254		0.006
Total flavonoids	X_AMT	0.422	0.473		0.062	0.142	0.269	0.272
	X_AAP	0.501	0.322	0.360		−0.368	0.322	0.345
	X_ASD	0.916	−0.837	−0.442	0.126		−0.521	0.009
	X_ALTI	0.569	0.334	0.976	0.188	−0.830		0.000
Rutin	X_AMT	0.851	−0.143		0.508	−0.775	0.124	0.073
	X_AAP	−0.368	−0.315	−0.683		0.135	0.233	0.062
	X_ASD	0.711	−0.436	0.227	−0.543		−0.12	0.012
	X_ALTI	0.413	0.529	0.124	0.264	0.141		0.000
Total phenolics	X_AMT	−0.429	−0.334		0.380	−0.53	0.576	0.006
	X_AAP	−0.501	0.322	0.268		−0.168	0.222	0.109
	X_ASD	0.633	0.281	0.324	0.388		−0.431	0.302
	X_ALTI	0.736	−0.425	−0.315	−0.376	0.266		0.015
IC₅₀	X_AMT	−0.513	0.796		0.612	0.430	−0.246	0.461
	X_AAP	0.808	−0.316	0.108		−0.185	−0.239	0.248
	X_ASD	−0.602	−0.319	0.065	0.272		−0.656	0.003
	X_ALTI	−0.635	0.241	0.768	−0.651	0.124		0.000

Primary factors including X_AMT, X_AAP, X_ASD, X_ALTI were performed in the Table 1. IC₅₀ was used to indicate antioxidant activity, a lower IC₅₀ representing stronger antioxidant capacity.

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