Figure 3

The self-recovery and the related energy variations of the stanene structures after desorption from Ag(111) surface: four representative structures S1 (a) and S2 (b), S3(c), S4(d); the low-buckling free-standing stanene (e). Another self-recovering process of (4 × 4) stanene detaching from the Ag(111) supercell: the initial distortion of (4 × 4) stanene (f) and the low-bucking free-standing stanene after the spontaneous transformation (g).