Table 1 Patient characteristics and laboratory data according to clinical status.
Healthy control (HC) | Moderately severe malaria (MSM) | Severe malaria without cerebral malaria (SM) | Cerebral malaria (CM) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number | 106 | 77 | 78 | 51 | |
Age (years) a | 7.4 (1.8) (n = 104) | 5.2 (1.7) (n = 76) | 5.4 (1.7) (n = 77) | 4.8 (1.3) (n = 51) | ANOVA— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— 0.0272 |
Males (percent of total) b | 48 (46) | 45 (59) | 38 (48) | 32 (63) | P = 0.110 |
Weight (Kg) a | 23.0 (6.2) (n = 106) | 17.7 (4.0) (n = 76) | 17.3 (3.6) (n = 76) | 17.0 (4.6) (n = 51) | ANOVA— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Temperature (°C) | 36.6 (36.5–36.8) (n = 106) | 37.4 (36.7–38.5) (n = 76) | 37.4 (36.7–38.0) (n = 77) | 38.0 (36.9–38.8) (n = 51) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM—NS SM vs CM— 0.0415 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 91 (86–97) (n = 106) | 110 (100–120) (n = 76) | 110 (100–120) (n = 77) | 120 (105–140) (n = 51) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— 0.0033 SM vs CM— 0.0201 |
Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 25 (23.0–26.0) (n = 101) | 29.5 (26.0–34.0) (n = 74) | 31.0 (28.0–38.0) (n = 77) | 38.0 (30.0–48.0) (n = 51) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— 0.0188 MSM vs CM— <0.0001 SM vs CM— 0.0144 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) a | 92 (6.6) (n = 104) | 93 (6.9) (n = 70) | 91 (5.7) (n = 75) | 92 (8.2) (n = 49) | ANOVA—NS HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM—NS HC vs CM— NS MSM vs SM— 0.0498 MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) a | 60 (2.9) (n = 104) | 58 (4.8) (n = 70) | 56.4 (5.3) (n = 75) | 56 (11.1) (n = 49) | ANOVA—0.0001 HC vs MSM— 0.0004 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— 0.0002 MSM vs SM— 0.0438 MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Hemoglobin (gm/dL) a | 12.1 (1.3) (n = 104) | 8.8 (1.9) (n = 75) | 8.4 (2.2) (n = 77) | 7.3 (2.3) (n = 50) | ANOVA— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— 0.0001 SM vs CM—0.0031 |
WBC (x109/L) | 6.7 (5.7–8.2) (n = 105) | 7.2 (6.0–9.6) (n = 74) | 7.9 (5.9–11.1) (n = 77) | 8.3 (6.9–9.9) (n = 51) | Kruskal Wallis0.0035 HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM— 0.0147 HC vs CM— 0.0006 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Platelet (x109/L) | 338 (226–409) (n = 106) | 113 (71–163) (n = 74) | 80 (53–126) (n = 77) | 73 (54–104) (n = 48) | Kruskal Wallis— 0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— 0.0229 MSM vs CM— 0.0013 SM vs CM— NS |
Absolute monocyte count (x109/L) | 0.51 (0.38–0.61) (n = 78) | 0.60 (0.44–0.82) (n = 66) | 0.67 (0.48–1.06) (n = 73) | 0.69 (0.49–0.99) (n = 33) | Kruskal Wallis—0.0001 HC vs MSM— 0.0062 HC vs SM— 0.0001 HC vs CM— 0.0003 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Absolute neutrophil count (x109/L) | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) (n = 76) | 3.7 (2.9–5.5) (n = 65) | 4.4 (3.2–5.8) (n = 73) | 4.8 (2.9–5.9) (n = 48) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Absolute lymphocyte count (x109/L) | 2.9 (2.3–3.2) (n = 78) | 2.4 (1.7–3.1) (n = 66) | 2.1 (1.5–2.9) (n = 73) | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) (n = 33) | Kruskal Wallis 0.0074 HC vs MSM— 0.0081 HC vs SM— 0.0010 HC vs CM— 0.0012 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio | 0.18 (0.14–0.24) (n = 77) | 0.28 (0.20–0.37) (n = 66) | 0.32 (0.23–0.41) (n = 73) | 0.31 (0.24–0.43) (n = 33) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— 0.0210 MSM vs CM—NS SM vs CM— NS |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) (n = 53) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) (n = 44) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) (n = 46) | 0.6 (0.4–0.08) (n = 32) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM— 0.0386 HC vs CM— 0.0006 MSM vs SM—NS MSM vs CM— 0.0030 SM vs CM— 0.0001 |
Blood lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) (n = 76) | 2.7 (1.8–3.6) (n = 55) | 2.8 (2.0–4.1) (n = 59) | 2.9 (2.0–4.7) (n = 41) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— 0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) a | 22.5 (2.9) (n = 50) | 22.3 (3.5) (n = 58) | 21.1 (3.1) (n = 59) | 19.9 (4.4)) (n = 43) | ANOVA—0.0005 HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM— 0.0049 HC vs CM— 0.0003 MSM vs SM—0.0203 MSM vs CM— 0.0013 SM vs CM— NS |
Parasite density (per uL) | 0 (0-0) (n = 106) | 90,280 (49,060–144,000) (n = 76) | 286,920 (203,820–400,000) (n = 78) | 177,440 (49,480–312,000) (n = 49) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— N/A HC vs SM— N/A HC vs CM— N/A MSM vs SM— <0.0001 MSM vs CM— 0.0149 SM vs CM— 0.0004 |
Histidine rich protein-2 (ng/mL) | 0.3 (0.3–0.3) (n = 60) | 163.4 (26.6–917.6) (n = 65) | 39.6 (11.9–336.9) (n = 23) | 514.1 (40.3–1194.5) (n = 35) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— 0.0235 |
Angiopoietin-2 (pg/mL) | 752 (47–1340) (n = 59) | 1952 (1055–2788) (n = 64) | 2106 (1032–3213) (n = 23) | 3,651 (2,487–6,121) (n = 36) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— 0.0001 SM vs CM— 0.0054 |
Arginine (µmol/L) | 85.8 (72.0–111.4) (n = 59) | 45.8 (34.7–60.0) (n = 64) | 49.8 (37.8–62.8) (n = 23) | 41.1 (30.7–52.1) (n = 36) | Kruskal Wallis— <0.0001 HC vs MSM— <0.0001 HC vs SM— <0.0001 HC vs CM— <0.0001 MSM vs SM—NS MSM vs CM— NS SM vs CM— NS |
Plasma arginase (pmol/mL/hr) | 0.096 (0.062–0.191) (n = 78) | 0.118 (0.081–0.269) (n = 68) | 0.121 (0.093–0.244) (n = 60) | 0.166 (0.112–0.268) (n = 43) | Kruskal Wallis—0.0079 HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM— 0.0288 HC vs CM— 0.0016 MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM—0.0491 SM vs CM— NS |
Plasma cell-free Hb (μM) | 0.82 (0.41–1.57) (n = 60) | 0.90 (0.49–1.38) (n = 64) | 1.04 (0.58–1.31) (n = 23) | 1.22 (0.79–1.81) (n = 36) | Kruskal Wallis —NS HC vs MSM— NS HC vs SM— NS HC vs CM— NS MSM vs SM— NS MSM vs CM— 0.0455 SM vs CM— NS |
