Table 3 Comparison between the people who were discrepant between the two indicators and those for whom the two indicators were the same.

From: Quantifying accessibility and use of improved sanitation: towards a comprehensive indicator of the need for sanitation interventions

Variable

Positive on both indicators

Discrepant*

Negative on both indicators

Chi-square (df), or Mann-Whitney U (z), **

(n = 1,984)

(n = 1,710)

(n = 2,905)

p value

Gender (n and % who were female)

987 (49.7%)

864 (50.5%)

1,475 (50.8%)

Age (mean ± SD; range)

39.6 ± 18.3

40.3 ± 17.8

38.4 ± 16.2

 

13–93

13–91

13–90

 

Schooling

n = 1,969

n = 1,693

n = 2,891

111.8 (4)

None

379 (19.2%)

270 (15.9%)

266 (9.2%)

<0.001

Primary school

798 (40.6%)

695 (41.1%)

1,047 (36.2%)

 

Junior high school

485 (24.6%)

411 (24.3%)

699 (24.2%)

 

Senior high school

292 (14.8%)

288 (17.0%)

737 (25.5%)

 

College, or higher

15 (0.8%)

29 (1.7%)

142 (4.9%)

 

Monthly household income (Rp)

1,000K

1,000K

1,200K

1,815,447 (−14.0)

Median (25–75%)

(600K–1,200K)

(600K–1,400K)

(900K–1,650K)

<0.001

Dry floor space = < 25%

1,399 (70.5%)

1,094 (64.0%)

27 (0.9%)

2,326.6 (1)

    

<0.001

Always washing hands after bowel motion

597 (30.1%)

627 (36.7%)

1,186 (40.8%)

7.8 (1)

    

0.005

Always washing hands on coming back home

633 (31.9%)

651 (38.1%)

1,212 (41.7%)

5.9 (1)

    

0.015

Always washing hands before eating

1,007 (52.3%)

1,017 (59.5%)

1,894 (65.2%)

15.1 (1)

    

<0.001

Always washing hands after eating

810 (40.8%)

828 (48.4%)

1,541 (53.0%)

9.2 (1)

    

0.002

Always washing hands before praying

1,044 (52.6%)

960 (56.1%)

1,753 (60.3%)

7.8 (1)

    

0.005

Always using soap

901 (46.1%)

960 (56.1%)

1,873 (64.5%)

31.5 (1)

    

<0.001

  1. *“Discrepant” means negative on Indicator 1 (i.e., “yes” to the question about having a household latrine), but positive on Indicator 2 (i.e., met one of the 6 criteria). None of the participants was positive on Indicator 1 and negative on Indicator 2.
  2. **Comparison of the discrepant group with the group that was negative on both indicators. The distributions of monthly household incomes were right-skewed: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p < 0.001 for both groups. Monthly household incomes were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. The other variables were analysed with Pearson’s chi-square test.