Figure 2: Taxonomic cladogram obtained using LEfSe analysis of the 16S sequences.

LEfSe identifies the taxa with the greatest differences in abundance between healthy controls and HIV-1 positive individuals. (Red) healthy control-enriched taxa; (green) HIV-1-positive-enriched taxa. The brightness of each dot is proportional to the effect size (A). The HIV-1-positive-enriched taxa are indicated with a positive LDA score (green) and healthy control-enriched taxa have a negative score (red). Only the taxa with meeting a significant LDA threshold value of >2 are shown (B). Comparisons of the relative abundance at the level of bacterial phylum (C), family (D) and genus (E) in healthy controls and HIV-1 positive individuals; *P < 0.05; #P < 0.01. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in healthy controls and HIV-1 positive individuals (F). Correlations between TNF-α and the relative abundance of the genus Phascolarctobacterium (G), between IL-6 and the relative abundance of the genus of Megamonas (H), between IL-22 and the relative abundance of the genus Dialister (I), and between IFN-γ and the relative abundances of the genera Dialister (J) and Clostridium XIVb (K).