Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the study design.

Ten or five female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in each group. The experimental control (KC group) had daily intravenous injection of ketamine for 5 days (solid line) followed by a 2-day rest period (dotted line) in each of two cycles. Interventions involved a single administration of human UCB-derived MSCs at a dose of 1 × 106 cells per 200 μl PBS into the submucosal layer of the bladder (KC + MSC group) or daily intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg NAC (KC + NAC group) at the indicated schedules. The sham group received PBS vehicle instead of MSC or NAC injection.