Figure 1: Study area and sampling sites.

Location of the study region in South Brazil (A) the broad-scale distribution (dark red) of Parana pine forests (B) and the four selected study areas (C–F) showing the surveyed Parana pine females (white dots, note many of them overlap), road-side surveys (yellow lines), the patchy distribution of any kind of forests (light grey), and protected areas (dark grey). Maps were generated using ArcGIS v.10.2.1. and Landsat-4 images available at http://glovis.usgs.gov/.