Table 2 Mean track parameters and individual Lévy exponents (predicted means and standard error of difference, s.e.d.) in the context of infection with Nosema sp. and DWV.

From: Optimal search patterns in honeybee orientation flights are robust against emerging infectious diseases

 

Nosema sp.

DWV

Nosema × DWV

no (0 spores/μl)

low (<1000 spores/μl)

high (>1000 spores/μl)

s.e.d.

LMM (REML)

absence

presence

s.e.d.

LMM (REML)

LMM (REML)

mean (n = 16)

mean (n = 26)

mean (n = 36)

mean (n = 27)

mean (n = 51)

track area

126,123 m2

34,353 m2

20,390 m2

19,640 m2

FNOS2, 44.4 = 17.8, p < 0.001

59.372 m2

61,205 m2

17,645 m2

FDWV1, 73.1 = 0.01, p = 0.92

FNOS*DWV1, 58.0 = 0.58, p = 0.45

track perimeter

1585 m

834 m

636 m

197.2 m

FNOS2, 49.9 = 11.1, p < 0.001

682 m

918 m

251 3 m

FDWV1, 73.1 = 0.08, p = 0.78

FNOS*DWV1, 57.9 = 0.18, p = 0.68

isoperimetry

0.51

0.42

0.43

0.04

FNOS2, 54.9 = 2.73, p = 0.08

0.45

0.46

0.03

FDWV1, 73.1 = 0.00, p = 0.95

FNOS*DWV1, 57.9 = 0.75, p = 0.39

max. displacement distance

317 m

186 m

148 m

41.3 m

FNOS2, 50.5 = 10.5, p < 0.001

213 m

222 m

36.9 m

FDWV1, 73.8 = 0.06, p = 0.81

FNOS*DWV1, 57.9 = 0.48, p = 0.49

total track length

3795 m

1793 m

1863 m

697.0 m

FNOS2, 55.5 = 4.74, p = 0.013

1843 m

2354 m

602.3 m

FDWV1, 72.7 = 0.03, p = 0.87

FNOS*DWV1, 57.0 = 1.79, p = 0.19

total flight time

925 s

817 s

520 s

211.0 s

FNOS2, 62.1 = 2.75, p = 0.071

511 s

757 s

170.3 s

FDWV1, 72.6 = 1.01, p = 0.32

FNOS*DWV1, 57.9 = 2.74, p = 0.10

total stop time

915 s

462 s

468 s

159.1 s

FNOS2, 52.3 = 4.43, p = 0.017

602 s

628 s

145.4 s

FDWV1, 73.1 = 0.03, p = 0.85

FNOS*DWV1, 57.8 = 1.36, p = 0.25

flight speed

3.63 ms−1

3.32 ms−1

3.37 ms−1

0.19 ms−1

FNOS2, 51.8 = 1.56, p = 0.22

3.41 ms−1

3.47 ms−1

0.16 ms−1

FDWV1, 72.2 = 0.14, p = 0.71

FNOS*DWV1, 57.0 = 0.39, p = 0.53

area : flight time

289.9 m2s−1

69.7 m2s−1

39.9 m2s−1

58.83 m2s−1

FNOS2, 42.2 = 10.19, p < 0.001

153.9 m2s−1

112.4 m2s−1

55.6 m2s−1

FDWV1, 74.0 = 0.56, p = 0.46

FNOS*DWV1, 57.9 = 1.91, p = 0.17

Lévy exponent μ (total)

2.15

2.31

2.25

0.11

FNOS2, 31.9 = 0.98, p = 0.39

2.37

2.11

0.10

FDWV1, 51.9 = 7.01, p = 0.01

FNOS*DWV1, 51.0 = 0.56, p = 0.46

Lévy exponent μ (AIC > 0.5)

2.17

2.27

2.24

0.16

FNOS2, 21.8 = 0.16, p = 0.86

2.28

2.17

0.14

FDWV1, 26.7 = 0.50, p = 0.48

FNOS*DWV1, 25.6 = 0.25, p = 0.62

  1. Parameters were calculated from the radar track data and were statistically compared using a Linear Mixed Model (LMM) with Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML). Lévy exponents were compared for both the complete dataset (ignoring Akaike weights) and for those supported by Akaike weights >0.5. The Nosema × DWV interaction included only bees with detected Nosema infection (n = 62) excluding Nosema-free individuals (n = 16). In the absence of significant interactions, we dropped the interaction-term from the LMM (i.e. main effects only) for more robust comparisons of pathogen effects.
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