Figure 5

(a) Radial gradient of electron temperature (dT_e/dr) between two radial loci around q = 3/2 surface as a function of time delay referred to the SMBI/gas puffing time (Δt = t − t_{SMBI/gas−puff}) across the nonlocal period. The open circles denote the onset times of the 3/2 NTMs in these shots; (b) critical values of β_N for the NTM onset with (red) and without (black) nonlocal effects versus the central electron temperature.