Table 1 Effects of captivity, artificial breeding and life stage on gut microbiota assessed by PERMANOVA with unweighted UniFrac distance.

From: Effects of captivity and artificial breeding on microbiota in feces of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

Source of variation

Dataset (cranes)

d.f.

SS

F

Captivity and artificial breeding

Artificially bred, captive and wild

2

6.20

22.91*

Captivity

Captive and wild

1

3.33

22.48*

Artificial breeding

Artificially bred and captive

1

1.35

9.23*

Life stage

Artificially bred

1

1.22

12.14*

 

Captive

1

0.52

4.72*

Artificial breeding × Life stage

Artificially bred adolescents, artificially bred adults, captive adolescents, and captive adults

3

5.09

16.33*

  1. PERMANOVA of community composition to generate a permutated F statistic (F) with calculated degrees of freedom (d.f.) and sums of squares (SS).
  2. *Permutated P value = 0.0001, 9,999 permutations.
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