Table 1 Characteristics of included studies of maternal BMI and ASD risk in the meta-analysis.
From: Maternal Body Mass Index and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: A Meta-analysis
Author | Location | Study | Design | Age (y) | Time and ascertainment of BMI | Ascertainment of ASDs | ASD cases/Total participants | Confounding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lyall 201117 | USA | The Nurses’Health Study II (NHS II) | Prospective cohort | NA | Pre-pregnancy Self-reported | Parental report | 221/8, 498 | Maternal age at baseline, race, income, body shape at age 20, cycle length, and age at menarche |
Krakowiak 201216 | USA | Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment Study (CHARGE) | Population-based case-control | 2–5 | Pre-pregnancy Extracted from medical record or self-reported | Identified through regional centers, providers/clinics, self referrals, and general public outreach. Validated with ADI-R and ADOS by trained clinicians | 517/1, 004 | Maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, education level, delivery payer, calendar time; child’s age at enrollment and gender, and catchment area |
Surén 201418 | Norway | Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study | Prospective cohort | 4–13.1 | Pre-pregnancy Self-reported | Identified by questionnaire screening of mothers, professional and parental referrals of ASD suspection, linkage to the Norwegian Patient Register. Validated with ADI-R and ADOS | 419/92,909 | Parental education levels, child’s year of birth, and maternal parity |
Moss 20149 | USA | The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) | Prospective cohort | 4–5 | Pre-pregnancy Self-reported | Parental report | 100/4,800 | Maternal age; child sex, birth weight, rates of height growth and weight gain; paternal BMI |
Reynolds 201414 | USA | A prospective cohort study at a level-III neonatal intensive care unit | Prospective cohort | 2 | Pre-pregnancy Extracted from medical record | Identified by M-CHAT | 14/62 | Gestational age at birth, markers of sociodemographics |
Gardner 20158 | Sweden | Stockholm Youth Cohort (SYC) | Prospective cohort | NA | At first antenatal visit Objectively measured | Ascertained by using ICD-9, ICD-10, and DSM-IV codes | 6,420/333,057 | Child’s sex, birth year, parity; parental age at the time of birth, maternal country of birth, paternal BMI, SES factors and parental history of psychiatric treatment |
Xiang 20157 | USA | Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) Study | Retrospective cohort | 1.5–2 | Pre-pregnancy Extracted from medical record | Identified by M-CHAT, ascerntained by pediatric developmental specialist evaluations | 712/68,837 | Birth year |