Table 2 Endotoxin, gut permeability, neutrophil function oxidative stress and inflammation in ESRD.

From: Mode of renal replacement therapy determines endotoxemia and neutrophil dysfunction in chronic kidney disease

 

CKD stage 3–5

Dialysis

Dialysis subgroups

KT

Healthy controls

n = 57

n = 60

HD n = 32

PD n = 28

n = 67

n = 25

Endotoxemia and gut permeability

Endotoxin [EU/ml]

1.3

(0.0, 5.7)

 

5.4

(0.0, 13.3)

*

8.9

(0.0, 15.6)

* , §

0

(0.0, 7.0)

 

1.0

(0.0, 7.0)

 

0.0

(0.0, 1.8)

 

LBP [μg/ml]

34.8

(25.7, 44.0)

 

28.3

(21.4, 40.5)

 

28.3

(22.7, 49.0)

*

28.3

(18.6, 37.3)

*

27.0

(19.7, 37.8)

 

14.3

(12.7, 20.6)

**

sCD14 [μg/ml]

2.7

(2.2, 4.1)

 

2.9

(2.5, 3.9)

b

3.3

(2.6, 4.2)

*

2.8

(2.5, 3.2)

*

2.3

(1.9, 2.8)

 

1.7

(1.3, 2.3)

**

DAO [ng/ml]

33.1

(26.3, 44.4)

 

26.3

(20.6, 37.5)

 

31.9

(21.9, 44.8)

*

25.6

(20.0, 30.0)

 

31.9

(22.5, 39.4)

 

19.7

(14.5, 34.4)

**

Neutrophil function

Phagocytosis [% change to healthy controls]

103.9

(83.6, 166.5)

a

76.2

(61.0, 101.2)

* , b

70.6

(49.6, 87.1)

* , §

92.2

(65.9, 135.3)

 

100.8

(76.9, 152.1)

 

100.0

(83.5, 129.2)

 

Inactive neutrophils [%]

1.60

(1.0, 4.9)

 

2.6

(1.5, 5.9)

*

2.6

(1.4, 4.3)

*

1.8

(1.2, 5.5)

*

2.2

(1.4, 4.4)

*

1.1

(0.5, 1.6)

 

Energy charge

0.79

(0.75, 0.84)

 

0.81

(0.77, 0.85)

 

0.80

(0.76, 0.84)

 

0.82

(0.78, 0.88)

 

0.81

(0.77, 0.86)

 

0.82

(0.77, 0.85)

 

Resting burst (no stimulus) [%]

3.1

(2.4, 4.4)

 

3.1

(2.5, 3.9)

 

3.6

(2.7, 4.6)

* , §

2.8

(2.3, 3.4)

 

3.7

(2.7, 5.4)

*

2.8

(2.3, 3.2)

 

Priming (low stimulus by fMLP) [%]

1.4

(0.0, 5.4)

 

3.3

(1.0, 6.0)

 

1.6

(0.6, 3.5)

§

4.2

(2.9, 7.3)

 

2.9

(1.0, 6.0)

 

2.7

(1.5, 4.6)

 

Burst (bacterial stimulus by E. coli) [%]

93.7

(90.7, 95.7)

 

94.1

(89.6, 95.4)

 

90.9

(85.7, 94.6)

* , §

95

(93.9, 95.9)

*

92.6

(86.6, 95.6)

 

96.2

(95.4, 97.0)

**

Oxidative stress

AOPP [μmol/l]

54.9

(33.5, 74.1)

a

73.6

(55.5, 98.6)

b

91

(63, 114)

* , §

67

(51, 80)

*

53.5

(35.2,70.2)

 

30.7

(26.4, 36.8)

**

HMA [%]

57.4

(52.6, 63.9)

 

61.3

(56.4, 67.8)

 

59.1

(54.1, 67.8)

*

64.3

(60.2, 67.9)

*

63.3

(59.4, 67.8)

c

73.6

(69.6, 76.3)

**

HNA1 [%]

40

(33.4, 44.7)

a

35.2

(28.7, 40.2)

 

38.0

(28.7, 42.6)

*

31.9

(28.6, 37.1)

*

33.5

(29.8, 37.2)

c

25.0

(21.4, 28.0)

**

HNA2 [%]

2.1

(1.9, 2.7)

a

3.3

(2.8, 3.9)

*

3.2

(2.8, 4.0)

*

3.4

(2.7, 3.9)

*

2.9

(2.3, 3.8)

*

2.4

(1.8, 2.8)

 

CP [pmol/mg protein]

206.7

(190.4, 223.0)

 

199.3

(173.3, 223.9)

 

207

(182, 235)

* , §

183

(170, 208)

 

206.9

(186.1, 224.4)

c

175.1

(143.0, 194.0)

**

Inflammation

Ferritin [ng/ml]

126

(56, 219)

a

237

(128, 433)

b

349

(222, 519)

* , §

163

(94, 234)

 

126

(68, 254)

 

135

(71, 286)

 

Transferrin saturation [%]

23

(18, 33)

 

26

(20, 31)

 

27

(19, 32)

 

25

(20, 30)

 

26

(20, 33)

 

28

(22, 38)

 

Cytokine [pg/ml] and -receptor [ng/ml] panel

IL6

2.0

(0.9, 3.7)

 

3.8

(2.1, 6.8)

b

4.5

(1.8, 9.9)

*

3.0

(2.1, 4.8)

*

1.8

(0.5, 3.3)

 

0.0

(0.0, 0.1)

**

sIL6R

250

(225, 325)

* , a

225

(175, 275)

*

225

(175, 275)

 

225

(181, 275)

*

225

(175, 275)

c

185

(155, 225)

 

IL8

15.2

(6.8, 25.7)

 

10.8

(5.7, 20.1)

 

13.7

(5.5, 26.0)

*

10.6

(7.3, 12.4)

*

13.4

(7.2, 20.6)

 

1.3

(0.0, 2.4)

**

IL10

2.1

(0.3, 4.7)

 

3.4

(1.5, 7.6)

 

2.5

(0.0, 5.0)

* , §

6.1

(2.4, 10.6)

*

1.9

(0.0, 5.6)

 

0.0

(0.0, 0.0)

**

TNFα

0.9

(0.0, 5.5)

 

1.0

(0.0, 5.0)

 

0.0

(0.0, 4.6)

 

2.0

(0.0, 5.5)

*

0.0

(0.0, 5.7)

 

0.0

(0.0, 0.0)

**

sTNFR1

7.9

(5.2, 11.7)

a

25.1

(16.4, 33.7)

b

28.9

(22.4, 39.6)

*

18.3

(12.4, 27.8)

*

4.5

(2.6, 6.2)

c

1.0

(0.7, 1.3)

**

sTNFR2

14

(11, 18)

 

19

(11, 25)

* , b

24

(20, 29)

* , §

11

(8, 16)

 

10

(7, 15)

 

5

(4, 22)

 
  1. CKD chronic kidney disease, HD haemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis, KT kidney transplantation, LBP LPS binding protein, sCD14 soluble CD14, DAO diamine oxidase, AOPP advanced oxidation protein products, HMA human mercaptalbumin, HNA human non-mercaptalbumin, CP carbonylated proteins, IL interleukin, sIL6R soluble interleukin 6 receptor, TNFα Tumour necrosis factor α, sTNFR1/2 soluble TNF receptor ½.
  2. a, b, c significant difference to another patient group (a: CKD to Dialysis, b: Dialysis to KT, c: KT to CKD), *significant difference to healthy controls, **all patient groups (CKD, Dialysis, KT) differ significantly from healthy controls, Dialysis subgroups: §significant difference between HD and PD patients, *significant difference to healthy controls, -data not available, data is shown as median (Q1, Q3) unless stated otherwise.
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