Table 2 Summary of polar biomarkers with tentative identities that significantly differ between 0 day old and 7 day old wasp extracts.

Common Name	Chemical shift (ppm)	d.f.	Formula	H value	p-value	Fold change
α-Glucose	3.45 (t), 3.52 (dd), 3.70 (t), 3.76 (m), 3.82 (ddd), 3.83 (m), 5.22 (d)	2	C₆H₁₂O₆	34.92	<0.01	−3.58
Alanine	1.47 (d), 3.77 (q)	2	C₃H₇NO₂	17.18	<0.01	−2.11
Glycerol	3.55 (m), 3.64 (m), 3.77 (tt)	2	C₃H₈O₃	16.47	<0.01	−2.08
Glycine-Betaine	3.26 (s), 3.90 (s)	2	C₅H₁₁NO₂	25.60	<0.01	−2.53
Leucine	0.95 (t), 1.75 (m), 3.74 (m)	2	C₆H₁₃NO₂	16.53	<0.01	−1.59
ß-Glucose	3.24 (dd), 3.4 (m), 3.47 (m), 3.74 (m), 3.88 (dd), 4.64 (d)	2	C₆H₁₂O₆	29.35	<0.01	−2.57
Trehalose	3.44 (t), 3.64 (dd), 3.75 (m), 3.82 (m), 3.84 (m), 3.86 (m), 5.19 (d)	2	C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁	34.79	<0.01	−4.04
Glutamine	2.12 (m), 2.44 (m), 3.76 (t)	2	C₅H₁₀N₂O₃	11.18	<0.05	−1.61

Fold changes were detected with Kruskal-Wallis tests (non-parametric). Negative and positive fold changes indicate metabolites that declined and increased respectively in abundance between 0 day old and 7 day old wasps.

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