Table 1 Characteristics of ambient air pollutants based in Wuhan 2011–2013, and findings from published studies investigating ambient air pollution of O3, SO2, NO2 and CO and the occurrence of CHDs.
From: Ozone and Other Air Pollutants and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects
Study | Study location | Period | Design | Exposure assessment methods | Results | Air Pollutants | Mean | Minimum | 25th percentile | Median | 75th percentile | Maximum | IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The current study | China | 2011–2013 | Cohort | Average of daily concentration of pollutants measured at nearest monitoring station | O3 exposure and CHDs overall, and VSD and TF individually | O3 | 72.4 μg/m3 | 1 μg/m3 | 31.9 μg/m3 | 63.6 μg/m3 | 106 μg/m3 | 334.3 μg/m3 | 74.1 μg/m3 |
(36.9 ppb) | (0.5 ppb) | (16.3 ppb) | (32.4 ppb) | (54 ppb) | (170 ppb) | (37.7 ppb) | |||||||
SO2 | 38.5 μg/m3 | 2 μg/m3 | 18 μg/m3 | 32.6 μg/m3 | 53.9 μg/m3 | 261 μg/m3 | 35.9 μg/m3 | ||||||
(14.7 ppb) | (0.8 ppb) | (6.9 ppb) | (12.5 ppb) | (20.6 ppb) | (99.6 ppb) | (13.7 ppb) | |||||||
NO2 | 59.6 μg/m3 | 7.1 μg/m3 | 38 μg/m3 | 55.8 μg/m3 | 77 μg/m3 | 174 μg/m3 | 39 μg/m3 | ||||||
(31.7 ppb) | (3.8 ppb) | (20.2 ppb) | (29.6 ppb) | (40.9 ppb) | (92.5 ppb) | (20.7 ppb) | |||||||
CO | 1.0 mg/m3 | 0.02 mg/m3 | 0.71 mg/m3 | 1 mg/m3 | 1.3 mg/m3 | 4.3 mg/m3 | 0.59 mg/m3 | ||||||
(0.91 ppm) | (0.01 ppm) | (0.62 ppm) | (0.85 ppm) | (1.1 ppm) | (3.8 ppm) | (0.48 ppm) | |||||||
Gianicolo et al.34 | Southern Italy | 2001–2010 | Case-control | Daily average exposure measured by 3 monitoring stations over week 3-8 of pregnancy | Exposure to the 90th percentile of SO2 to be associated with CHDs | SO2 | 2.8μg/m3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Schembari et al.6 | Barcelona | 1994–2006 | Case-control | Daily spatio-temperal air pollutants estimates over week 3–8 of pregnancy | A significant association between NO2 and coarctation of the aorta | NO2 | — | — | — | 55.7 μg/m3 | — | — | 12.2 μg/m3 |
Stingone et al.15 | Nine U.S.states | 1997–2006 | Case-control | Daily maximum concentrations using the closest air monitor within 50 km to their residence | NO2 was associated with coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary valve stenosis. | O3 | — | — | 32.2ppb | 42.9ppb | 51.8ppb | — | — |
SO2 | — | — | — | 9.7ppb | — | — | |||||||
NO2 | — | — | — | 33.3ppb | — | — | — | ||||||
CO | — | — | — | 1.16ppm | — | — | — | ||||||
Agay-Shay et al.11 | Israel | 2000–2006 | Cohort | Geographic Information System-based spatiotemporal approach with weekly inverse distance weighting modeling | No significant association had been revealed | O3 | — | 0.45ppb | 7.8ppb | 26.5ppb | 39.1ppb | 128ppb | — |
SO2 | — | 0.33ppb | 1.5ppb | 2.1ppb | 3.3ppb | 51.4ppb | — | ||||||
NO2 | — | 0.2ppb | 15.6ppb | 23.1ppb | 32.3ppb | 104.5ppb | — | ||||||
CO | — | 0.15ppm | 0.7ppm | 0.9ppm | 1.3ppm | 13.5ppm | |||||||
Padula et al.26 | San Joaquin Valley of California | 1997–2006 | Case-control | Daily average concentration during the first two months from from more than 20 locations with a maximum interpolation radius of 50 km. | No significant association had been revealed | O3(8-h maximum) | — | 10.49ppb | 29.05ppb | 46.94ppb | 62.64ppb | 91.92ppb | — |
NO2 | — | 2.4 ppb | 13.36 ppb | 16.81 ppb | 20.53 ppb | 38.93 ppb | — | ||||||
CO | — | 0.13 ppm | 0.39 ppm | 0.52 ppm | 0.71 ppm | 1.37 ppm | — | ||||||
Vinikoor-Imler et al.16 | North Carolina | 2003–2005 | Cohort | Estimated averaged concentration across weeks 3 through 8 for 12 km x 12 km grid. | No significant association had been revealed | O3 | 40.7 ppb | — | — | 42.15 ppb | — | — | 30.19 ppb |
Dadvand et al.19 | Northeast England | 1993–2003 | Case-control | Weekly average of pollutants at nearest of 6 monitors to maternal residence | No significant association between SO2 and CHDs | SO2 | — | — | 17.6 μg/m3 | — | 31.2 μg/m3 | — | — |
Dadvand et al.22 | Northeast England | 1985–1996 | Case-control | Two-stage spaiotemporal modeling of weekly exposure levels at maternal residence | Exposure to CO to be associated with VS,DCSM and CPVS. NO was associated with TF. | O3 | — | — | 33.2 μg/m3 | — | 42.4 μg/m3 | — | — |
NO2 | — | — | 29.2 μg/m3 | — | 38.4 μg/m3 | — | — | ||||||
CO | — | — | 0.39 mg/m3 | — | 0.64 mg/m3 | — | — | ||||||
Dolk et al.3 | England | 1991–1999 | Cohort | Estimated annual mean of air pollution for 1 km x 1 km grid | A significant association between SO2 and TF | SO2 | — | — | — | 7.86 μg/m3 | — | — | — |
NO2 | — | — | — | 35.11μg/m3 | — | — | — | ||||||
Hansen et al.35 | Brisbane, Australia | 1997–2004 | Case-control | Daily averaged measurements of air pollution at 18 nearest monitoring stations. | O3 was associated with an increased risk of pulmonary artery and valve defects, SO2 was associated with an increased risk of aortic artery and valve defects | O3 | 25.8 ppb | 4.3 ppb | — | — | — | 54.4 ppb | — |
SO2 | 1.5 ppb | 0 ppb | — | — | — | 7.1 ppb | — | ||||||
NO2 | 8.2 ppb | 1.4 ppb | — | — | — | 22.7 ppb | — | ||||||
CO | 1.1 ppm | 0.02 ppm | — | — | — | 7 ppm | — | ||||||
Rankin et al.36 | Northern region, UK | 1985–1990 | Case-control | Daily average concentration during the first trimester from 62 monitors within 10 km of the mother’s residence. | No significant association between SO2 exposure and CHDs | SO2 | 2.7 μg/m3 | 4.4 μg/m3 | |||||
Strickland et al.35 | Atlanta, USA | 1986–2003 | Cohort | Average of daily measuremtns of pollutants from one central monitoring station | No significant association between SO2, O3, NO2, and CO exposure and CHDs | O3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29.9 ppb |
SO2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.0 ppb | ||||||
NO2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.7 ppb | ||||||
CO | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 ppm | ||||||
Ritz et al.9 | California, USA | 1987–1993 | Case-control | Average of 24-hr measurements of pollutants at nearest monitoring station | Second-month CO exposure was associated with an increased risk of VSD | O3 | — | — | 1.06 pphm | 1.94 pphm | 2.84 pphm | — | — |
CO | — | — | 1.14 ppm | 1.6 ppm | 2.47 ppm | — | — |
