Table 1 Differences of baseline characteristics in Chinese non-dialysis CKD patients.

From: Prognostic Value of Reverse Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients not Undergoing Dialysis: Prospective Cohort Study

 

Total (N = 588)

Dippers (N = 204)

Non-dippers (N = 256)

Reverse dippers (N = 106)

Extreme dippers (N = 22)

P-value

Age (years)

42.76 ± 16.71

40.19 ± 15.93

42.45 ± 17.10

48.55 ± 16.71*

42.36 ± 13.07

<0.001

Male: female ratio

336/252

122/82

151/105

51/55

12/10

0.209

Course (months)

6(1~24)

4(1~24)

6.0(1~24)

4.5(1~14.25)

10(1.75~36)

0.419

Diabetes mellitus (N/%)

92(15.6%)

22(10.8%)

37(14.4%)

27(25.5%)*

6(27.3%)

0.003

Current smoker (N/%)

109(18.5%)

37(18.2%)

46(18.0%)

21(19.8%)

5(22.7%)

0.941

Alcohol intake (N/%)

55(9.3%)

19(9.4%)

22(8.6%)

10(9.4%)

4(18.2%)

0.542

BMI (kg/m2)

23.16 ± 3.61

23.14 ± 3.59

23.10 ± 3.54

23.14 ± 3.73

24.22 ± 4.19

0.616

History of cardiovascular disease (N/%)

42(7.1%)

10(4.9%)

20(7.8%)

10(9.4%)

2(9.1%)

0.443

eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)

67.84(29.83~106.69)

74.04(39.00~110.98)

66.65(23.99~104.93)

51.37(21.65~100.84)*

57.31(92.72~117.32)

0.004

Hemoglobin (g/L)

122.20 ± 24.15

127.11 ± 23.26

121.69 ± 24.23*

112.71 ± 23.89*

127.86 ± 19.36

<0.001

Albumin (g/L)

33.30 ± 9.02

34.41 ± 9.14

32.65 ± 9.14

31.92 ± 8.30

37.23 ± 8.16

0.011

Total calcium level (mmol/L)

2.19 ± 0.20

2.21 ± 0.20

2.19 ± 0.21

2.15 ± 0.17*

2.29 ± 0.17

0.006

Phosphate level (mmol/L)

1.26 ± 0.24

1.25 ± 0.21

1.28 ± 0.26

1.25 ± 0.24

1.15 ± 0.21

0.101

iPTH (pg/mL)

51.87 (31.56~87.89)

44.18(28.64~72.82)

57.80(36.42~108.68)*

54.22(34.65~86.92)

32(24.52~54.69)

0.011

Serum fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.09 ± 1.44

5.05 ± 1.23

5.05 ± 1.44

5.30 ± 1.83

5.01 ± 1.13

0.464

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

6.15 ± 2.96

6.09 ± 2.91

6.27 ± 3.07

6.13 ± 3.01

5.43 ± 1.65

0.619

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

2.08 ± 1.78

1.95 ± 1.19

2.24 ± 2.25

2.06 ± 1.51

1.67 ± 1.16

0.254

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.23 ± 0.42

1.23 ± 0.42

1.25 ± 0.43

1.19 ± 0.41

1.30 ± 0.52

0.485

LDL-C (mmol/L)

4.03 ± 2.32

4.09 ± 2.24

4.00 ± 2.40

4.05 ± 2.42

3.70 ± 1.51

0.896

Uric acid (mmol/L)

444.60 ± 130.67

440.35 ± 128.85

451.81 ± 139.30

447.75 ± 114.49

385.16 ± 103.30

0.132

Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

6.80(4.93~11.13)

6.08(4.70~8.80)

7.72(5.10~13.01)*

7.62(5.40~12.73)*

5.71(4.26~7.41)

<0.001

Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

107.2(71.90~192.00)

98.20(69.05~153.62)

107.75(73.32~228.37)

133.0(72.7~244.0)*

78.65(58.75~128.10)

0.018

Homocysteine (μmol/L)

15.60 ± 8.31

14.22 ± 6.80

17.67 ± 10.00*

14.12 ± 6.14

14.13 ± 6.58

<0.001

Urinary sodium excretion (mmol/24 h)

130.69 ± 80.60

127.70 ± 73.30

140.81 ± 90.10

110.17 ± 56.82

130.00 ± 98.81

0.098

Proteinuria (g/24 h)

1.73(0.46~4.55)

1.39(0.39~3.87)

1.94(0.46~5.04)

2.09(0.96 ~5.36)*

0.55(0.24~3.59)

0.005

Clinic-SBP (mmHg)

140.25 ± 22.92

138.20 ± 22.22

140.56 ± 23.13

144.13 ± 24.48

136.82 ± 17.24

0.297

Clinic-DBP (mmHg)

85.38 ± 13.23

84.09 ± 13.07

86.03 ± 13.58

86.67 ± 13.25

83.59 ± 9.49

0.265

24 h-SBP (mmHg)

129.05 ± 17.24

125.38 ± 15.41

129.80 ± 17.53*

135.04 ± 18.54*

125.45 ± 15.13

<0.001

24 h-DBP (mmHg)

77.80 ± 10.03

76.17 ± 9.72

78.26 ± 9.86

80.11 ± 10.85*

76.36 ± 8.42

0.007

SBP-daytime (mmHg)

130.61 ± 17.19

128.23 ± 15.80

131.06 ± 17.71

134.15 ± 18.31*

130.45 ± 15.53

0.035

DBP-daytime (mmHg)

78.96 ± 10.10

78.02 ± 10.04

79.25 ± 9.95

79.96 ± 10.86

79.50 ± 8.40

0.380

SBP-nighttime (mmHg)

121.00 ± 19.57

110.76 ± 13.70

123.43 ± 16.79*

139.36 ± 19.95*

99.27 ± 13.95*

<0.001

DBP-nighttime (mmHg)

71.77 ± 11.56

66.42 ± 9.32

73.14 ± 10.12*

81.19 ± 11.62*

60.09 ± 9.37*

<0.001

Receiving no antihypertensive drugs

147(25.0%)

47(23.0%)

76(29.7%)

24(22.6%)

0(0%)

0.012

Bedtime dosing of hypertensive drugs

118(20.1%)

40(19.6%)

49(19.1%)

21(19.8%)

8(36.4%)

0.394

On RAS blockade

341(58.0%)

123(60.6%)

142(55.5%)

55(51.9%)

21(95.4%)*

0.002

Calcium-channel blocker

196(33.3%)

67(33.0%)

79(30.9%)

44(41.5%)

6(27.3%)

0.152

α-blocker

46(7.8%)

15(7.4%)

20(7.8%)

10(9.4%)

1(4.5%)

0.821

β-blocker

94(16.0%)

33(16.3%)

35(13.7%)

25(23.6%)

1(4.5%)

0.037

Statins

103(17.5%)

39(19.2%)

45(17.6%)

17(16.0%)

2(9.1%)

0.696

  1. BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
  2. P-value for analysis of variance or χ2 test between 4 groups.
  3. Choosing dippers as reference group, and comparing the 3 other groups (non-dipper, reverse-dipper, extreme dipper) to this group throughout. * indicated comparison with the dippers P < 0.017.
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