Figure 1

Migration patterns characterized by the migration range r.

Seven groups (orange nodes) are arranged in a regular circle and labelled from 1 to 7 in clockwise. An edge exists between two nodes if and only if there is a potential single-step migration path between them. In other words, an offspring can migrate to one of the nodes connected to the node in which his parent is located. The distance between two groups takes on one of the values 1, 2, 3. The migration range r means that the displacements generated by a single-step migration form the set Ω(r) = {1, …, r} whose elements are performed equiprobably.