Figure 1

The seasonal changes of (a) soil temperature (at a depth of 5 cm) and soil moisture content (at a depth of 10 cm), (b) soil CO2 efflux (Rs, soil respiration; Rhw and Rh, heterotrophic respiration in the warmed and control soil, respectively), and (c) the difference in efflux between the warmed and control treatments (i.e., Rhw−Rh).