Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants.
2 per week | 4 per week | 7 per week | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The number of participants | 22 | 19 | 19 | |||
Age (years) | 57·9 ± 9·3 | 60·7 ± 9·9 | 59·3 ± 10·0 | |||
Female (%) | 36·4 | 26·3 | 26·3 | |||
Diabetes history (years) | 7·6 ± 5·2 | 8·4 ± 5·5 | 9·0 ± 4·3 | |||
Medications | ratio (%) | ratio (%) | ratio (%) | |||
SU | 6 | 27·3 | 10 | 52·6 | 11 | 57·9 |
BG | 10 | 45·5 | 11 | 57·9 | 15 | 78·9 |
α-GI | 1 | 4·5 | 4 | 21·1 | 3 | 15·8 |
glinide | 2 | 9·1 | 1 | 5·3 | 1 | 5·3 |
TZD | 1 | 4·5 | 2 | 10·5 | 5 | 26·3 |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 12 | 54·5 | 13 | 68·4 | 13 | 68·4 |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 |
Adiposity | ||||||
Visceral Fat Area (cm2) | 151·05 ± 11·84 | 170·85 ± 9·14 | 178·85 ± 17·45 | |||
SubQ Fat Area (cm2) | 207·3 ± 17·89 | 206·00 ± 23·52 | 207·99 ± 21·01 | |||
total Fat Area (cm2) | 358·35 ± 25·82 | 376·85 ± 25·99 | 386·83 ± 33·34 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28·54 ± 0·93 | 29·22 ± 0·83 | 29·74 ± 1·10 | |||
Wc (cm) | 99·03 ± 1·99 | 98·90 ± 1·91 | 102·55 ± 2·87 | |||
Glucose control and insulin resistance | ||||||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 150·73 ± 8·77 | 169·95 ± 9·70 | 158·84 ± 8·50 | |||
Fasting IRI (µIU/mL) | 9·28 ± 1·12 | 10·94 ± 1·41 | 9·16 ± 1·32 | |||
HOMA-IR | 3·58 ± 0·62 | 4·79 ± 0·77 | 3·95 ± 0·81 | |||
HbA1c (%) | 7·44 ± 0·13 | 7·74 ± 0·13 | 7·77 ± 0·15 | |||
GA (%) | 17·99 ± 0·53 | 19·42 ± 0·67 | 20·22 ± 0·86 | |||
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 7·05 ± 0·76 | 6·88 ± 0·72 | 8·76 ± 0·90 | |||
Blood pressure | ||||||
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 131·77 ± 3·27 | 133·89 ± 3·45 | 138·05 ± 2·52 | |||
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 77·05 ± 2·19 | 78·58 ± 1·88 | 79·74 ± 2·45 | |||
Heart Rate (bpm) | 76·59 ± 2·71 | 78·47 ± 2·24 | 75·53 ± 3·60 | |||
Systemic inflammation | ||||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1·53 ± 0·16 | 1·65 ± 0·14 | 1·77 ± 0·24 | |||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3·02 ± 0·56 | 3·11 ± 0·48 | 3·41 ± 0·42 | |||
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | 1793·23 ± 590·35 | 3070·74 ± 1151·81 | 1070·05 ± 232·37 | |||
WBC (/µL) | 6900·00 ± 412·61 | 6747·37 ± 320·52 | 6584·21 ± 291·07 | |||
Renal function | ||||||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 76·07 ± 3·22 | 76·53 ± 4·77 | 77·03 ± 3·57 | |||
ACR (µg/gCre) | 79·11 ± 48·76 | 63·55 ± 23·05 | 82·32 ± 24·82 | |||
L-FABP (mg/gCr) | 4·52 ± 0·93 | 5·47 ± 0·85 | 6·41 ± 0·90 | |||
Hepatic steatosis and lipids | ||||||
AST/ALT | 0·77 ± 0·05 | 0·83 ± 0·06 | 0·97 ± 0·06 | |||
UA (mg/dL) | 5·64 ± 0·37 | 5·82 ± 0·31 | 5·28 ± 0·28 | |||
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 108·36 ± 6·18 | 113·63 ± 7·077 | 106·05 ± 4·70 | |||
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50·55 ± 3·04 | 53·00 ± 3·31 | 54·21 ± 3·14 | |||
TG (mg/dL) | 185·95 ± 29·78 | 192·63 ± 36·04 | 171·21 ± 31·71 | |||
FFA (µEq/L) | 617·64 ± 40·25 | 570·42 ± 49·68 | 721·63 ± 64·72 | |||
