Table 3 Effects of MES + HS depending on frequency of treatment.
Adiposity | 2 per week | 4 per week | 7 per week | P values | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | MES + HS | delta | Baseline | MES + HS | delta | Baseline | MES + HS | delta | 2 vs 4 | 4 vs 7 | 2 vs 7 | |
Visceral Fat Area (cm2) | 151.05 ± 11.84 | 145.69 ± 11.08 | −5.37 | 170.85 ± 9.14 | 156.62 ± 9.01 | −14.24 | 178.85 ± 17.45 | 162.39 ± 14.20 | −16.45 | 0.071 | 0.389 | 0.054 |
SubQ Fat Area (cm2) | 207.30 ± 17.89 | 201.47 ± 17.04 | −5.83 | 206.00 ± 23.52 | 203.45 ± 23.67 | −2.55 | 207.99 ± 21.01 | 207.61 ± 22.79 | −0.38 | 0.287 | 0.422 | 0.300 |
total Fat Area (cm2) | 358.35 ± 25.82 | 347.16 ± 25.09 | −11.19 | 376.85 ± 25.99 | 360.07 ± 26.64 | −16.79 | 386.83 ± 33.34 | 370.00 ± 31.74 | −16.84 | 0.258 | 0.498 | 0.341 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.54 ± 0.93 | 28.29 ± 0.96 | −0.25 | 29.23 ± 0.83 | 29.04 ± 0.87 | −0.18 | 29.74 ± 1.10 | 29.42 ± 1.15 | −0.33 | 0.338 | 0.242 | 0.350 |
Wc (cm) | 99.03 ± 1.99 | 97.45 ± 1.84 | −1.57 | 98.90 ± 1.91 | 96.53 ± 1.94 | −2.37 | 102.55 ± 2.87 | 99.66 ± 2.55 | −2.89 | 0.242 | 0.329 | 0.100 |
Glucose control and insulin resistance | ||||||||||||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 150.73 ± 8.77 | 142.41 ± 7.87 | −8.32 | 169.95 ± 9.70 | 152.89 ± 7.75 | −17.05 | 158.84 ± 8.50 | 138.37 ± 5.29 | −20.47 | 0.116 | 0.356 | 0.093 |
Fasting IRI (µIU/mL) | 9.28 ± 1.12 | 8.30 ± 1.11 | −0.98 | 10.94 ± 1.41 | 8.65 ± 0.92 | −2.30 | 9.16 ± 1.32 | 6.73 ± 0.91 | −−2.43 | 0.133 | 0.460 | 0.137 |
HOMA-IR | 3.58 ± 0.62 | 3.16 ± 0.55 | −0.42 | 4.79 ± 0.77 | 3.40 ± 0.51 | −1.39 | 3.95 ± 0.81 | 2.39 ± 0.41 | −1.56 | * | 0.415 | 0.067 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.44 ± 0.13 | 7.34 ± 0.15 | −0.10 | 7.74 ± 0.13 | 7.37 ± 0.15 | −0.36 | 7.77 ± 0.15 | 7.12 ± 0.10 | −0.65 | 0.058 | * | ** |
GA (%) | 17.99 ± 0.53 | 17.66 ± 0.40 | −0.33 | 19.42 ± 0.67 | 18.77 ± 0.77 | −0.64 | 20.22 ± 0.86 | 18.87 ± 0.83 | −1.34 | 0.297 | 0.151 | 0.085 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 7.05 ± 0.76 | 7.69 ± 0.79 | 0.63 | 6.88 ± 0.72 | 7.72 ± 0.78 | 0.83 | 8.76 ± 0.90 | 10.13 ± 1.10 | 1.37 | 0.328 | 0.169 | 0.114 |
Blood pressure | ||||||||||||
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 131.77 ± 3.27 | 130.09 ± 3.17 | −1.68 | 133.89 ± 3.45 | 132.95 ± 3.53 | −0.95 | 138.05 ± 2.52 | 133.53 ± 2.67 | −4.53 | 0.430 | 0.204 | 0.234 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 77.05 ± 2.19 | 77.86 ± 2.66 | 0.82 | 78.58 ± 1.88 | 78.42 ± 1.97 | −0.16 | 79.74 ± 2.45 | 74.89 ± 2.38 | −4.84 | 0.358 | 0.050 | * |
Heart Rate (bpm) | 76.59 ± 2.71 | 73.82 ± 1.79 | 2.77 | 78.47 ± 2.24 | 76.42 ± 1.93 | −2.05 | 75.53 ± 3.60 | 75.00 ± 3.53 | −0.53 | 0.398 | 0.258 | 0.233 |
Systemic inflammation | ||||||||||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.53 ± 0.16 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | −0.32 | 1.65 ± 0.14 | 1.22 ± 0.11 | −0.43 | 1.77 ± 0.24 | 1.31 ± 0.17 | −0.46 | 0.320 | 0.431 | 0.269 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.02 ± 0.56 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | −0.33 | 3.11 ± 0.48 | 2.46 ± 0.34 | −0.78 | 3.41 ± 0.42 | 3.18 ± 0.57 | −0.23 | 0.230 | 0.228 | 0.448 |
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | 1793.23 ± 590.35 | 1434.00 ± 488.96 | −359.23 | 3070.74 ± 1151.81 | 1645.53 ± 494.28 | −1425.21 | 1070.05 ± 232.37 | 815.63 ± 138.15 | −254.42 | 0.086 | 0.338 | 0.076 |
WBC (/µL) | 6900.00 ± 412.61 | 6563.64 ± 308.12 | −336.36 | 6747.37 ± 320.52 | 6310.53 ± 270.52 | −436.84 | 6584.21 ± 291.07 | 6031.58 ± 354.32 | −552.63 | 0.370 | 0.321 | 0.245 |
Renal function | ||||||||||||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 76.07 ± 3.22 | 78.35 ± 3.49 | 2.28 | 76.53 ± 4.77 | 77.98 ± 4.78 | 1.45 | 77.03 ± 3.57 | 81.03 ± 3.95 | 4.00 | 0.307 | 0.086 | 0.137 |
ACR (mg/gCre) | 79.11 ± 48.76 | 64.48 ± 37.31 | −14.63 | 63.55 ± 23.05 | 58.32 ± 23.11 | −5.23 | 82.32 ± 24.82 | 45.35 ± 9.20 | −36.97 | 0.247 | 0.181 | 0.083 |
L-FABP (µg/gCr) | 4.52 ± 0.93 | 3.86 ± 0.66 | −0.66 | 5.47 ± 0.85 | 5.21 ± 1.22 | −0.26 | 6.41 ± 0.90 | 4.15 ± 0.52 | −2.25 | 0.315 | 0.055 | * |
Hepatic steatosis and lipids | ||||||||||||
AST/ALT | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.257 | 0.160 | 0.247 |
UA (mg/dL) | 5.64 ± 0.37 | 5.40 ± 0.37 | −0.24 | 5.82 ± 0.31 | 5.59 ± 0.29 | −0.23 | 5.28 ± 0.28 | 5.32 ± 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.479 | 0.097 | 0.103 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 108.36 ± 6.18 | 109.68 ± 5.86 | 1.32 | 113.63 ± 7.07 | 110.00 ± 6.81 | −3.63 | 106.05 ± 4.70 | 97.11 ± 4.55 | −8.95 | 0.191 | 0.135 | * |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.55 ± 3.04 | 50.82 ± 2.34 | 0.27 | 53.00 ± 3.31 | 53.84 ± 3.54 | 0.84 | 54.21 ± 3.14 | 54.42 ± 2.61 | 0.21 | 0.416 | 0.427 | 0.490 |
TG (mg/dL) | 185.95 ± 29.78 | 155.23 ± 25.40 | −30.73 | 192.63 ± 36.04 | 162.63 ± 16.09 | −30.00 | 171.21 ± 31.71 | 142.00 ± 20.32 | −29.21 | 0.492 | 0.492 | 0.473 |
FFA (µEq/L) | 617.64 ± 40.25 | 592.45 ± 42.66 | −25.18 | 570.42 ± 49.68 | 576.84 ± 41.58 | 6.42 | 721.63 ± 64.72 | 581.42 ± 49.25 | −140.21 | 0.324 | 0.099 | * |
