Figure 1
(A) Schematic showing layout of experimental conditions involving training (T), next-day practice (P1-P4), and one-week retest (R). In Rested Wakefulness condition, participants completed training at home and had 8 hours time-in-bed (TIB) before entering the laboratory the following day at 10:00. The following two conditions were TSD conditions where participants arrived at the laboratory at 18:00, were trained on new sequences, and remained awake overnight. A one-hour nap opportunity was provided at 15:00 for one of the TSD conditions (order counterbalanced). Training and practices involved 15 trials of 30-sec sequence performance followed by 30-sec rest periods. Practice 4 was followed by 3 trials of a novel sequence with rest periods. The one-week retest consisted of 3 trials with rest periods. For each participant, three different learned sequences were randomly assigned to the three conditions, as were three novel sequences. (B) MSL task display and instructions. (C) Performance speed in training across trials 1–15. Inset. Number of incorrect sequences made within 30-sec. Mean ± SEM, there were significant differences between RW versus both TSD conditions, indicating a sequence-independent practice effect after the first experimental condition.
