Table 1 Baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients with lower extremity artery stenosis during the 12-month period preceding peripheral artery bypass surgery or stenting.

From: Stent revascularization versus bypass surgery for peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients – an instrumental variable analysis

 

Original cohort

Bypass surgery (N = 5,652)

Stenting (N = 659)

P values

Age (mean ± SD)

67.96 ± 10.12

71.20 ± 8.68

<0.001

Male (%)

48.53

66.46

<0.001

Calendar year (%)

 2000–2002

39.97

0.00

<0.001

 2003–2005

36.13

39.91

 

 2006–2007

23.90

60.09

 

Monthly income in New Taiwan Dollar (%)

 ≤17,280

58.10

68.13

<0.001

 17,281~22,800

34.52

23.37

 

 22,801~28,800

2.34

2.28

 

 28,801~36,300

1.86

2.73

 

 36,301~45,800

1.70

1.52

 

 >45,800

1.49

1.97

 

Region (%)

 Northern

42.52

61.76

<0.001

 Central and eastern

22.08

17.15

 

 Southern

35.40

21.09

 

Hospitalization department (%)

 Cardiologist

4.14

52.96

<0.001

 Other

45.68

37.03

 

 Cardiovascular surgeon

50.18

10.02

 

Comorbidities (%)

 Cardiovascular disease

90.15

97.42

<0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

45.24

64.19

<0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

28.95

55.69

<0.001

 Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolarity

3.79

1.97

0.018

 Retinopathy

30.52

29.29

0.515

 Neuropathy

34.34

28.53

0.003

 Nephropathy

73.66

50.08

<0.001

 Myocardial infarction

6.51

7.44

0.366

 Ischemic stroke

17.85

46.74

<0.001

 Chronic renal failure

53.47

22.15

<0.001

 Chronic liver disease

11.31

10.47

0.520

 Chronic lung disease

22.52

22.46

0.970

 Depression

5.68

5.77

0.927

 Charlson’s index (mean ± SD)

4.88 ± 2.36

4.09 ± 2.26

<0.001

 Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD)

21.68 ± 9.78

21.34 ± 9.80

0.402

 Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD)

3.50 ± 2.81

4.78 ± 3.12

<0.001

Medication use (%)

 Biguanides

44.37

62.97

<0.001

 Sulfonylurea

61.92

72.53

<0.001

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

11.48

19.73

<0.001

 Thiazolidinediones

11.91

20.94

<0.001

 Glinides

15.99

18.06

0.174

 Any oral anti-diabetic agents

72.08

83.46

<0.001

 Fast-acting insulins

49.91

32.32

<0.001

 Basal insulins

16.54

11.53

0.001

 Aspirin

64.23

78.15

<0.001

 Clopidogrel

12.85

44.76

<0.001

 Cilastazol

15.34

23.07

<0.001

 Warfarin

7.02

7.28

0.805

 ACE inibitors

45.67

42.03

0.076

 Angiotensin receptor blockers

34.68

52.20

<0.001

 Alpha-blockers

17.37

22.61

0.001

 Beta-blockers

50.50

62.37

<0.001

 Calcium channel blockers

74.45

76.48

0.257

 Directics

58.09

55.99

0.303

 Other anti-hypertensive agents

12.95

7.74

<0.001

 Statins

28.34

52.50

<0.001

 Fibrates

12.38

15.33

0.032

 Number of different prescription drugs (mean ± SD)

49.90 ± 27.02

45.83 ± 23.39

<0.001

 Number of cardiovascular-related medications (mean ± SD)

7.46 ± 5.34

8.04 ± 4.91

0.004

Resource utilization (mean ± SD)

 Number of A1C measurement

1.34 ± 1.61

2.07 ± 1.88

<0.001

 Number of lipid-related lab test

4.35 ± 5.05

5.64 ± 5.04

<0.001

 Number of peripheral artery ultrasound examination

0.03 ± 0.23

0.03 ± 0.21

0.839

 Number of outpatient visits due to diabetes

15.76 ± 11.25

18.08 ± 12.09

<0.001

 Number of outpatient visits not due to diabetes

46.06 ± 24.97

50.65 ± 28.98

<0.001

 Number of emergency department visit

1.94 ± 2.73

1.48 ± 2.56

<0.001

 Number of cardiology outpatient visits

7.12 ± 10.19

5.70 ± 8.87

<0.001

 Number of cardiovascular surgery outpatient visits

3.55 ± 6.55

2.42 ± 5.11

<0.001

 Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits

13.18 ± 11.02

19.51 ± 12.36

<0.001

 Coronary revascularization %

3.18

10.93

<0.001

 Prior amputation %

11.23

4.10

<0.001

 Amputation at index hospitalization %

17.00

2.43

<0.001

 Number of hospitalization due to diabetes

1.68 ± 1.81

1.00 ± 1.38

<0.001

 Number of hospitalization not due to diabetes

2.09 ± 2.14

1.27 ± 1.59

<0.001

 Number of hospitalization due to lower extremity complications

0.42 ± 0.85

0.13 ± 0.44

<0.001

 Number of hospital days

23.29 ± 34.96

11.62 ± 24.22

<0.001

 Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days

1.32 ± 1.66

1.07 ± 1.40

<0.001

Outcome occurrence (%)

 Amputation

15.61

7.28

<0.001

 Thigh

2.51

1.06

0.020

 Foot, ankle, leg

11.71

5.92

<0.001

 Amputation, revascularization, or hospitalization for medical treatment

18.88

8.50

<0.001

  1. SD: standard deviation.
Back to article page