Table 3 Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with lower extremity arterial stenosis receiving peripheral artery stenting by patients’ monthly income level.

From: Stent revascularization versus bypass surgery for peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients – an instrumental variable analysis

 

Monthyly income ≤17,280 (N = 449)

Monthly income >17,280 (N = 210)

P-value

Age (mean ± SD)

72.69 ± 8.04

68.01 ± 9.16

<0.001

Male (%)

68.37

62.38

0.129

Comorbidities

Diabetes-related late complications (%)

 Cardiovascular disease

98.44

95.24

0.016

Ischemic heart disease

65.48

61.43

0.312

 Cerebrovascular disease

58.80

49.05

0.019

 Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolarity

2.00

1.90

1.000

 Retinopathy

32.29

22.86

0.013

 Neuropathy

28.73

28.10

0.866

 Nephropathy

47.66

55.24

0.070

 Myocardial infarction

6.68

9.05

0.281

 Ischemic stroke

48.33

43.33

0.231

 Chronic renal failure

19.60

27.62

0.021

 Chronic liver disease

9.58

12.38

0.273

 Chronic lung disease

22.94

21.43

0.665

 Depression

7.13

2.86

0.028

 Charlson’s index (mean ± SD)

4.05 ± 2.22

4.19 ± 2.36

0.470

 Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD)

21.72 ± 9.88

20.53 ± 9.61

0.146

 Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD)

4.78 ± 3.00

4.76 ± 3.38

0.936

Medication use (%)

 Biguanides

64.59

59.52

0.210

 Sulfonylurea

71.27

75.24

0.288

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

19.15

20.95

0.589

 Thiazolidinediones

22.27

18.10

0.220

 Glinides

16.93

20.48

0.270

 Fast-acting insulins

32.74

31.43

0.737

 Basal insulins

11.36

11.90

0.838

 Aspirin

79.06

76.19

0.405

 Clopidogrel

43.65

47.14

0.401

 Cilostazol

24.28

20.48

0.281

 Warfarin

6.24

9.52

0.130

 ACE inibitors

41.87

42.38

0.902

 Angiotensin receptor blockers

54.79

46.67

0.052

 Alpha-blockers

25.17

17.14

0.022

 Beta-blockers

63.03

60.95

0.608

 Calcium channel blockers

77.28

74.76

0.477

 Directics

56.12

55.71

0.921

 Statins

52.34

52.86

0.901

 Fibrates

14.25

17.62

0.264

Resource utilization (mean ± SD)

 Number of A1C measurement

2.17 ± 1.91

1.84 ± 1.80

0.035

 Number of lipid-related lab test

5.87 ± 5.07

5.15 ± 4.95

0.085

 Number of peripheral artery ultrasound examination

0.03 ± 0.19

0.03 ± 0.24

0.797

 Number of outpatient visits due to diabetes

19.24 ± 12.89

15.61 ± 9.75

<0.001

 Number of outpatient visits not due to diabetes

52.66 ± 29.75

46.36 ± 26.84

0.009

 Number of emergency department visit

1.66 ± 2.91

1.10 ± 1.47

0.001

 Number of cardiology outpatient visits

5.94 ± 9.18

5.19 ± 8.15

0.311

 Number of cardiovascular surgeon outpatient visits

2.47 ± 5.09

2.31 ± 5.18

0.708

 Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits

20.84 ± 13.01

16.68 ± 10.32

<0.001

 Coronary revascularization %

10.47

11.90

0.582

 Prior amputation %

2.45

7.62

0.002

 Amputation at index hospitalization %

2.45

2.38

0.957

 Number of hospitalization due to diabetes

0.97 ± 1.36

1.05 ± 1.41

0.519

 Number of hospitalization not due to diabetes

1.23 ± 1.58

1.37 ± 1.63

0.296

 Number of hospitalization due to lower extremity complications

0.14 ± 0.41

0.13 ± 0.50

0.853

 Number of hospital days

11.28 ± 23.93

12.35 ± 24.88

0.598

 Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days

1.04 ± 1.39

1.11 ± 1.40

0.550

Outcome occurrence (%)

 Amputation

7.13

7.62

0.821

 Thigh

*

*

0.440

 Foot, ankle, leg

5.35

7.14

0.362

 Amputation, revascularization, or hospitalization for medical treatment

8.46

8.57

0.963

 Mean predicted probability of lower limb amputation

0.07 ± 0.15

0.08 ± 0.15

0.696

  1. *Any one of the cell <3.
  2. *Standardized mean difference using montly income >17,280 as the reference.
  3. SD: standard deviation
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