Table 4 Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with lower extremity arterial stenosis receiving peripheral artery stenting by regional difference as measured by hospital location in northern and non-northen Taiwan.

From: Stent revascularization versus bypass surgery for peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients – an instrumental variable analysis

 

Northern (N = 407)

Non-northern (N = 252)

P-value

Age (mean ± SD)

72.06 ± 8.46

69.81 ± 8.87

0.001

Male (%)

66.34

66.67

0.931

Comorbidities

Diabetes-related late complications (%)

 Cardiovascular disease

98.03

96.43

0.206

 Ischemic heart disease

66.09

61.11

0.195

 Cerebrovascular disease

55.53

55.95

0.915

 Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolarity

2.46

1.19

0.389

 Retinopathy

29.98

28.17

0.622

 Neuropathy

25.06

34.13

0.012

 Nephropathy

47.17

54.76

0.058

 Myocardial infarction

7.62

7.14

0.822

 Ischemic stroke

46.19

47.62

0.721

 Chronic renal failure

20.39

25.00

0.166

 Chronic liver disease

7.62

15.08

0.002

 Chronic lung disease

22.60

22.22

0.909

 Depression

5.90

5.56

0.855

 Charlson’s index (mean ± SD)

3.91 ± 2.10

4.38 ± 2.48

0.012

 Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD)

20.46 ± 9.21

22.76 ± 10.55

0.005

 Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD)

4.73 ± 3.02

4.86 ± 3.28

0.604

Medication use (%)

 Biguanides

62.41

63.89

0.702

 Sulfonylurea

70.52

75.79

0.140

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

18.67

21.43

0.388

 Thiazolidinediones

21.62

19.84

0.585

 Glinides

17.94

18.25

0.918

 Fast-acting insulins

28.99

37.70

0.020

 Basal insulins

10.81

12.70

0.461

 Aspirin

79.61

75.79

0.250

 Clopidogrel

42.26

48.81

0.100

 Cilostazol

26.54

17.46

0.007

 Warfarin

8.11

5.95

0.301

 ACE inibitors

39.56

46.03

0.102

 Angiotensin receptor blockers

56.02

46.03

0.013

 Alpha-blockers

23.10

21.83

0.705

 Beta-blockers

61.18

64.29

0.424

 Calcium channel blockers

74.69

79.37

0.169

 Directics

53.56

59.92

0.110

 Statins

53.32

51.19

0.595

 Fibrates

16.46

13.49

0.304

Resource utilization (mean ± SD)

 Number of A1C measurement

2.25 ± 1.96

1.78 ± 1.72

0.001

 Number of lipid-related lab test

5.99 ± 4.97

5.08 ± 5.11

0.025

 Number of peripheral artery ultrasound examination

0.04 ± 0.20

0.02 ± 0.22

0.433

 Number of outpatient visits due to diabetes

18.78 ± 12.41

16.96 ± 11.50

0.060

 Number of outpatient visits not due to diabetes

49.38 ± 28.03

52.70 ± 30.40

0.153

 Number of emergency department visit

1.51 ± 2.68

1.44 ± 2.34

0.732

 Number of cardiology outpatient visits

5.39 ± 8.06

6.20 ± 10.03

0.275

 Number of cardiovascular surgeon outpatient visits

2.39 ± 5.12

2.48 ± 5.12

0.811

 Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits

20.53 ± 12.39

17.86 ± 12.17

0.007

 Coronary revascularization %

9.83

12.70

0.251

 Prior amputation %

3.69

4.76

0.498

 Amputation at index hospitalization %

1.97

3.17

0.327

 Number of hospitalization due to diabetes

0.95 ± 1.37

1.07 ± 1.39

0.302

 Number of hospitalization not due to diabetes

1.21 ± 1.55

1.37 ± 1.67

0.217

 Number of hospitalization due to lower extremity complications

0.13 ± 0.45

0.14 ± 0.42

0.805

 Number of hospital days

11.77 ± 20.89

11.39 ± 28.84

0.856

 Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days

1.06 ± 1.39

1.08 ± 1.41

0.811

Outcome occurrence (%)

 Amputation

5.41

10.32

0.018

 Thigh

0.98

1.19

0.999

 Foot, ankle, leg

3.93

9.13

0.006

 Amputation, revascularization, or hospitalization for medical treatment

6.39

11.90

0.014

 Mean predicted probability of lower limb amputation

0.05 ± 0.12

0.10 ± 0.18

<0.001

  1. *Standardized mean difference using non-northern as the reference.
  2. SD: standard deviation.
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