Figure 5
Open quantum system approach for a system with L = 8 sites and N = 7 bosons using the ED method.
(a,b) are from Lindblad operators using the particle-number operators, 
, and (c–e) are from the local Lindblad operator {
, k = sink site}. (a) Time evolution of density profile of the case with sink depth V = 3J. (b) Number of particles in the sink site (i = 7) versus time with U = J. The system-environment coupling is set to γ = 1/t0 in (a and b). The particle number operators used as the Lindblad operators are thus not effective in attracting particles into a dynamic sink. (c) Time evolution of density profile of the case with V = 3J. (d) Number of particles in the sink site versus time with U = J. γ = 1/t0 in (c) and (d). (e) Time evolution of the number of particles in the sink site for selected values of γ with U = J and V = 9J. (f) Comparison of the system energy versus time for isolated system (triangular symbols), particle-number operators as the Lindblad operators (dashed line) and the local Lindblad operator with selected values of γ (the lower two curves), where the sink potential is V = 9J and U = J. The local Lindblad operator is efficient in attracting particles into the dynamically generated sink.
