Table 1 Sex-specific characteristics and dietary consumption by categories of energy-adjusted total protein intake (n = 6,821).
From: Dietary Protein Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Among Women and Men in Northeast China
Women (n = 4, 427) | Men (n = 2, 394) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1: 57.1 g/d (52.5, 57.1)a | Q3: 70.4 g/d (69.3, 71.5)a | Q5: 86.6 g/d (82.1, 95.6)a | Q1: 57.1 g/d (52.0, 60.5)a | Q3: 72.0 g/d (70.7, 73.4)a | Q5: 90.9 g/d (85.9, 101.4)a | |
N | 885 | 885 | 886 | 479 | 479 | 478 |
Age (yr) | 50.2 ± 10.2 | 49.3 ± 9.9 | 48.6 ± 10.3 | 49.3 ± 11.4 | 49.8 ± 10.5 | 48.2 ± 11.2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.3 | 25.7 ± 3.6 |
Waist (cm) | 82.5 ± 9.4 | 82.2 ± 9.1 | 82.2 ± 9.2 | 90.8 ± 9.2 | 90.7 ± 9.7 | 91.8 ± 10.0 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.4 |
2 h Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 3.0 | 6.3 ± 2.8 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 3.2 |
Fasting insulin (μU/ml) | 8.0 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 4.3 | 8.4 ± 4.6 | 7.7 ± 4.8 | 7.7 ± 4.4 | 8.6 ± 5.0 |
HbA1c (%) | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.8 |
HOMA-IR | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) |
HOMA-β | 134.1 (83.4, 244.4) | 135.8 (80.7, 221.4) | 131.5 (74.5, 226.9) | 116.7 (60.6, 220.9) | 112.3 (63.0, 196.6) | 120.3 (63.8, 216.0) |
Education level | ||||||
Higher than college (%) | 31.6 | 32.4 | 37.6 | 36.3 | 42.4 | 45.2 |
Physical activity | ||||||
Active (%) | 13.4 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 24.4 | 21.5 | 19.2 |
Smokers (%) | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 19.8 | 21.4 | 17.0 |
Drinking (%) | 20.0 | 21.2 | 22.0 | 61.6 | 63.3 | 66.3 |
Economic status | ||||||
High economic status (%) | 51.2 | 52.1 | 52.0 | 54.3 | 54.8 | 54.5 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 14.7 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 12.3 |
Postmenopausal (%) | 62.3 | 58.2 | 51.7 | / | / | / |
Dietary Intakeb | ||||||
Total energy (kcal/d) | 2360.7 ± 653.3 | 1688.7 ± 567.9 | 2139.3 ± 711.8 | 2886.0 ± 751.3 | 1976.0 ± 670.2 | 2551.5 ± 843.4 |
Total protein (g/d) | 63.7 ± 19.5 | 56.2 ± 19.1 | 93.9 ± 35.2 | 81.7 ± 22.7 | 67.7 ± 22.8 | 113.2 ± 40.1 |
Total protein (energy%) | 10.7 ± 0.9 | 13.3 ± 0.4 | 17.7 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 0.4 | 17.9 ± 2.9 |
Animal protein (g/d) | 17.0 ± 10.6 | 21.0 ± 10.3 | 53.0 ± 31.8 | 21.4 ± 10.4 | 25.8 ± 12.1 | 65.2 ± 34 |
From red meat (g/d) | 5.6 ± 6.0 | 6.7 ± 6.6 | 12.9 ± 11.3 | 8.0 ± 6.8 | 9.9 ± 8.8 | 18.6 ± 15.2 |
From poultry (g/d) | 2.3 ± 3.1 | 3.2 ± 4.1 | 10.7 ± 13.7 | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 3.9 ± 3.8 | 12.9 ± 12.9 |
From dairy (g/d) | 2.0 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 2.1 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 3.1 |
From egg (g/d) | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 5.1 ± 3.4 | 9.1 ± 8.6 | 5.0 ± 4.1 | 5.5 ± 3.6 | 9.6 ± 7.5 |
From seafood (g/d) | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.8 | 15.9 ± 23.9 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 3.6 | 20.2 ± 29.3 |
Plant protein (g/d) | 46.5 ± 15.2 | 35.1 ± 12.6 | 40.8 ± 16.1 | 60.0 ± 17.9 | 41.7 ± 14.6 | 47.8 ± 19.3 |
From rice (g/d) | 25.0 ± 12.5 | 14.3 ± 8.6 | 12.0 ± 8.4 | 36.1 ± 14.7 | 17.4 ± 10.1 | 15.6 ± 11.5 |
From wheat (g/d) | 9.2 ± 8.6 | 9.4 ± 6.9 | 10.4 ± 7.7 | 12.0 ± 10.6 | 12.6 ± 9.9 | 13.5 ± 10.6 |
From potato (g/d) | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.8 |
From legumes (g/d) | 2.8 ± 3.3 | 3.3 ± 3.7 | 7.6 ± 7.5 | 3.5 ± 3.5 | 4.2 ± 3.8 | 9.1 ± 9.4 |
From vegetable (g/d) | 5.4 ± 4.0 | 5.8 ± 4.2 | 8.2 ± 7.3 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 5.8 ± 4.3 | 7.3 ± 6.5 |
From fruit (g/d) | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.9 |
Total fat (g/d) | 28.8 ± 13.6 | 28.7 ± 13.6 | 53.4 ± 25.5 | 36.1 ± 13.9 | 35.3 ± 16.8 | 66.0 ± 28.7 |
Total fat (energy%) | 10.8 ± 3.6 | 15 ± 3.9 | 22.3 ± 6.6 | 11.2 ± 3.0 | 15.8 ± 4.1 | 23.5 ± 6.5 |
Saturated fat (g/d) | 7.3 ± 4.1 | 8.2 ± 4.3 | 15.6 ± 8.0 | 9.5 ± 4.3 | 10.3 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 9.2 |
Monounsaturated fat (g/d) | 9.7 ± 5.5 | 10.9 ± 5.6 | 20.8 ± 11.0 | 12.7 ± 5.9 | 14.1 ± 7.2 | 26.6 ± 12.7 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 8.4 ± 3.5 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 10.5 ± 3.9 |
Total carbohydrate (g/d) | 461.6 ± 126.3 | 301.5 ± 99.3 | 320.8 ± 113.6 | 558.7 ± 146.5 | 346.9 ± 115.2 | 376.1 ± 137.2 |
Total carbohydrate (energy%) | 78.4 ± 4.1 | 71.7 ± 4.0 | 60.0 ± 8.1 | 77.5 ± 3.4 | 70.5 ± 4.2 | 58.6 ± 7.5 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 231.4 ± 163.9 | 295.6 ± 157.7 | 608.5 ± 407.8 | 295.3 ± 187.5 | 334.9 ± 169 | 686.4 ± 359.4 |
Fiber (g/d) | 15.6 ± 6.7 | 12.2 ± 5.6 | 15.1 ± 8.3 | 12.0 ± 4.8 | 13.0 ± 4.2 | 12.4 ± 6.9 |
