Figure 5 | Scientific Reports

Figure 5

From: Recognition of extremophilic archaeal viruses by eukaryotic cells: a promising nanoplatform from the third domain of life

Figure 5

Investigation of cytotoxic effect of viruses in hCMEC/D3 and HUVECs cells.

Panel (a) shows the extent of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cells at 24 h post virus treatment. Panels (b–d) shows the effect of viral concentration on cellular respiratory states at 24 h post incubation (n = 6). Respiration (indicated as the rate of oxygen consumption) was evaluated at basal state (the physiological coupling state controlled by cellular energy demand) (panel b), leak state (where respiration is independent of ADP phosphorylation and mainly occurs due to proton leak from mitochondrial intermembrane space) (panel c), and maximum respiratory rate (MRR; signifying the capacity of the mitochondrial electron transport system) (panel d). Blank = untreated cells.

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