Table 3 Characteristics and results of the included 8 in vitro and vivo experimental studies of magnesium supplementation.
Study | Mg supplementation | Control group | Chondrocyte or animal model | Results of Mg supplementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro studies | ||||
Egerbacher35 | MgCl22 (0.0612 mg/ml) | Mg-free medium | Quinolone-treated horse and dog chondrocytes | The number of attached cells increased to 40–70% that of control group (threefold dose led to better results); Cell proliferation did not increase |
MgSO4 (0.0488 mg.ml) | ||||
MgCl2 (0.0612*3 mg/ml) | ||||
MgSO4 (0.0488*3 mg/ml) | ||||
Feyerabend36 | MgSO4 (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mM) | Without adding MgSO4 | Human articular chondrocytes | Enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and redifferentiation (dosage dependent); Increased growth factor effectiveness |
Baker12 | MgSO4 (10%, 20%, 50%) | Placebo | Normal human chondrocytes | MgSO4 alone was no more toxic than placebo; MgSO4 in combination with a local anesthetic reduced chondrocyte toxicity compared with a local anesthetic alone |
Lidocaine (2%) plus MgSO4 (10%, 20%, 50%) | Lidocaine (2%) | |||
Levobupivacaine (0.5%) plus MgSO4 (10%, 20%, 50%) | Levobupivacaine (0.5%) | |||
Bupivacaine (0.5%) plus MgSO4 (10%, 20%, 50%) | Bupivacaine (0.5%) | |||
Ropivacaine (0.75%) plus MgSO4 (10%, 20%, 50%) | Ropivacaine (0.75%) | |||
Baker13 | MgSO4 (10%) | Levobupivacaine (0.13%, 0.25%, 0.5%) | Normal human chondrocytes | No significant difference in chondrocyte viability between MgSO4 and placebo; With the exception of 0.13% levobupivacaine, all local anesthetics showed significantly greater toxic effects than MgSO4 |
Bupivacaine (0.13%, 0.25%, 0.5%) | ||||
Ropivacaine (0.19%, 0.38%, 0.75%) | ||||
placebo | ||||
Hagandora37 | MgCl2 (20, 50, 100 mM) | Baseline Mg concentration (0.8 mM) | Goat costal chondrocytes (scaffoldless approach) | Collagen and glycosaminoglycan content of the 50 and 100 mM MgCl2 and MgSO4 constructs was significantly lower than the control |
MgSO4 (20, 50, 100 mM) in addition to the baseline Mg concentration (0.8 mM) | ||||
Dou38 | MgCl2 (10, 20, 30 mM) | Blank control | Knee chondrocytes of Wuzhishan miniature pigs | In 2D culture, low concentrations of Mg ions enhanced excretion of extracellular matrix, whereas extra-high concentration of Mg inhibited the gene expression |
In vivo studies | ||||
Lee39 | MgSO4 (500 μg/0.1 ml) twice a week for 5 weeks | Placebo | Rat model of collagenase-induced osteoarthritis | Local intra-articular MgSO4 attenuates the development of osteoarthritis and reduces nociception |
Shimaya40 | Synovial mesenchymal stem cells inμl PBS with 1 or 10 mM Mg | Synovial mesenchymal stem cells inμl PBS | Rabbit osteochondral defect model | Mg promoted cartilage formation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells |
