Table 2 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of self-reported frequent headache in 2601 men according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.

From: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with higher risk of frequent headache in middle-aged and older men

 

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartile (nmol/L)

p for trend

1 (<28.9)

2 (28.9–40.1)

3 (40.2–55.0)

4 (>55.0)

Cases/participants

98/650 (15.1%)

52/650 (8.0%)

48/651 (7.4%)

52/650 (8.0%)

 

Model 1

2.16 (1.49–3.13)

1.03 (0.69–1.55)

0.93 (0.62–1.41)

1

<0.001

Model 2

2.13 (1.42–3.18)

1.02 (0.66–1.58)

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

1

<0.001

  1. Model 1 is adjusted for age, examination year and month of blood draw.
  2. Model 2 is adjusted for Model 1 plus body mass index (kg/m2), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), smoking (never smoker, previous smoker, current smoker <20 cigarettes/d and current smoker ≥20 cigarettes/d), education years, income (euros), leisure-time physical activity (kcal/d), self-reported health (extremely good, quite good, average, quite poor, extremely poor), use of analgesics (drugs for headache, back pain, joint pain or other pain, opioids, or acetylsalicylic acid), and alcohol intake (g/d).
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