Table 4 Hazard ratios for death from all-cause and cardiovascular causes according to physical indicators*.

From: Physical Health Indicators Improve Prediction of Cardiovascular and All-cause Mortality among Middle-Aged and Older People: a National Population-based Study

Indicators	Entire cohort				Participants without CVD at baseline
	Cardiovascular death		All-cause death		Cardiovascular death		All-cause death
	95% CI	P-value	95% CI	P-value	95% CI	P-value	95% CI	P-value
Framingham risk score
1-SD increase	2.7 (1.7–4.4)	<0.001	1.9 (1.5–2.3)	<0.001	1.9 (1.1–3.4)	0.024	1.6 (1.3–2.2)	<0.001
<10%	Reference		Reference
10%–20%	2.5 (0.6–10.4)	0.213	1.7 (0.9–3.3)	0.130	1.7 (0.3–8.3)	0.529	2.0 (0.9–4.2)	0.086
≥0%	6.5 (1.8–23.1)	0.004	3.4 (1.9–6.1)	<0.001	3.0 (0.7–12.7)	0.128	3.1 (1.5–6.3)	0.002
High-sensitivity CRP^†
1-SD increase	1.7 (1.2–2.3)	0.001	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	<0.001	1.7 (1.2–2.5)	0.007	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	0.001
>3.0 mg/l^‡§	3.4 (1.4–8.3)	0.008	2.6 (1.6–4.3)	<0.001	3.0 (0.9–10.2)	0.077	2.1 (1.1–3.8)	0.02
Dominant handgrip strength^†
1-SD increase	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.004	0.4 (0.3–0.6)	<0.001	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.007	0.4 (0.3–0.6)	<0.001
<14.3 kg women, <22.4 kg men^‡	4.3 (1.6–11.3)	0.004	3.8 (2.2–6.5)	<0.001	7.3 (2.0–26.8)	0.003	5.2 (2.7–10.0)	<0.001
<16.0 kg women <28.0 kg men^§	4.2 (1.5–11.5)	0.006	3.1 (1.8–5.4)	<0.0001	8.5 (2.2–32.2)	0.002	4.1 (2.1–7.9)	<0.0001
Relative handgrip strength*
1-SD increase	0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.006	0.5 (0.3–0.6)	<0.001	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.006	0.4 (0.3–0.6)	<0.001
<0.79 women, <1.32 men^‡	1.1 (0.1–8.6)	0.914	2.3 (1.0–5.2)	0.050	0.0 (0.0–NR)	0.995	2.4(0.8–7.1)	0.121
<1.40 women, <2.34 men^§	3.4 (1.2–9.5)	0.017	3.9 (2.2–7.0)	<0.0001	6.3 (1.5–26.1)	0.011	4.6(2.3–9.2)	<0.0001
Walking speed^†
1-SD increase	0.7 (0.4–1.2)	0.179	0.8 (0.6–1.1)	0.110	0.7 (0.3–1.5)	0.313	0.8(0.6–1.2)	0.293
<0.8 m/s^‡,§	1.0 (0.3–2.7)	0.925	1.2 (0.7–2.1)	0.526	0.8 (0.2–3.3)	0.734	1.3(0.6–2.5)	0.526
Peak expiratory flow^†
1-SD increase	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.011	0.5 (0.4–0.7)	<0.001	0.4 (0.2–0.9)	0.037	0.5(0.4–0.8)	0.003
<250.0 l/min^‡,§	3.2 (1.2–8.5)	0.023	2.7 (1.6–4.7)	0.0003	3.3 (0.8–13.5)	0.104	2.6(1.3–5.1)	0.005

CVD, cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; CRP, C-reactive protein; NR, not reached.
*Results were calculated by Cox regression analysis. Data were adjusted for: age at baseline (continuous); sex (binary); systolic blood pressure (continuous); use or nonuse of antihypertensive medication (binary); total cholesterol (continuous); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (continuous); use or nonuse of lipid lowering medication (binary); presence or absence of diabetes (binary); smoking status (binary).
^†Data were adjusted for variables listed in footnote* plus body mass index (continuous).
^‡Cut-off values according to previous literature.
^§Cut-off values according to this study.

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Table 4 Hazard ratios for death from all-cause and cardiovascular causes according to physical indicators*.

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