Figure 2: Microstructure and elemental distribution in the grain-refined iHEA.

(a) XRD and EBSD patterns reveal the f.c.c. matrix and a small fraction of h.c.p. phase prior to deformation. (b) ECC image and EDS maps corresponding to the identical region marked in (a) show that the nano-sized particles enriched with Cr are randomly distributed in the microstructure. (c) APT tip reconstruction revealing elemental distributions across a particle-matrix interface and at an adjacent grain boundary; 5 at% C and 7.5 at% Cr iso-concentration surfaces were used to highlight the nano-carbide and the grain boundary, respectively. The calibration of the APT tip reconstruction based on interplanar spacing is shown in the Supplementary Fig. S2.