Figure 5: Strength-ductility profiles of various classes of metallic materials including HEAs.

All data stem from uniaxial tensile tests conducted on bulk materials at room temperature. While conventional alloys use strengthening mechanisms such as grain boundaries, dual-phase structure, dislocation interactions, precipitates and solid solution (e.g. steels, Ti-alloys, Al- alloys) the new interstitial TWIP-TRIP-HEAs combine all available strengthening effects in one concept, namely, interstitial and substitutional solid solution, TWIP, TRIP, multiple phases, precipitates, dislocations, stacking faults and grain boundaries.