Table 1 Cytokine protein analysis of influenza-infected mouse lungs a .

From: TLR4 antagonist FP7 inhibits LPS-induced cytokine production and glycolytic reprogramming in dendritic cells, and protects mice from lethal influenza infection

Treatment Group

IL-1β (pg/ml)

TNF-α (pg/ml)

IFN-β (pg/ml)

IL-6 (pg/ml)

KC (pg/ml)

HMGB1 e (ng/ml)

Mock b

17.3 ± 2.6

12.2 ± 1.7

<8 d

7.4 ± 1

11.1 ± 0.6

—

Vehicle c

163.3 ± 23

94.1 ± 5

68.9 ± 8.7

57.5 ± 5.6

119.5 ± 10

5865 ± 169

FP7 c

50.1 ± 4.9

39.3 ± 7

<8 d

29.3 ± 4.6

36.7 ± 4.3

4271 ± 504*

  1. aMice were treated as described in the legend to Fig. 7, with the addition of a “mock”-infected, untreated group of mice that were not treated (n = 2). On day 7 post-infection, lung homogenates were prepared and cytokines measured by Luminex, except for IFN-β that was measured by ELISA.
  2. bResults represent mean ± S.D. for the indicated proteins (n = 2 mice).
  3. cResults represent mean ± S.E.M. for the indicated proteins (n = 5 mice/treatment group).
  4. dLimit of detection for assay.
  5. eHMGB1 was detected in these same lung homogenates by ELISA. *p < 0.007 (Student’s t test).
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