Table 1 Characteristics of study participants among 1263 mother-child pairs according to child’s obesity, center obesity and hyperglycemia status.

From: Physical Activity, TV Watching Time, Sleeping, and Risk of Obesity and Hyperglycemia in the Offspring of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

 

No obesity

Obesityb

P values

No central obesity

Central obesityc

P values

Normal glucose

Hyperglycemiad

P values

No. of subjects

1135

128

 

1137

126

 

1137

126

 

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age before pregnancy (years)

30.1 (3.5)

29.9 (3.9)

0.56

30.0 (3.4)

30.3 (3.9)

0.43

30.1 (3.5)

30.1 (3.6)

0.91

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

39.0 (1.5)

39.0 (1.5)

0.76

39.0 (1.5)

38.9 (1.4)

0.58

39.0 (1.5)

39.1 (1.6)

0.65

Gestational weight gaina (%)

  

0.007

  

0.08

  

0.84

Inadequate

14.7

9.4

 

14.3

12.7

 

14.1

15.1

 

Adequate

31.8

22.7

 

32.1

19.8

 

31.0

28.6

 

Excessive

53.5

68.0

 

53.6

67.5

 

54.9

56.3

 

Occupation of mother (%)

  

0.044

  

0.10

  

0.14

Unemployed persons

25.0

23.4

 

24.5

28.6

 

25.4

20.6

 

Office workers

15.0

23.4

 

15.3

20.6

 

16.2

11.9

 

Other

60.0

53.1

 

60.2

50.8

 

58.4

67.5

 

Education of mother (%)

  

0.012

  

0.04

  

0.12

High school and under

2.4

3.9

 

2.4

4.0

 

2.6

1.6

 

Junior college

18.5

29.7

 

18.7

27.8

 

19.6

19.8

 

University

71.4

60.9

 

71.1

63.5

 

70.7

65.9

 

Master above

7.8

5.5

 

7.8

4.8

 

7.0

12.7

 

Family incomes (yuan/month)

7374

6603

0.23

7343

6865

0.46

7332

6841

0.45

Child characteristics

Age (months)

27.0 (10.6)

28.7 (9.9)

0.087

27.0 (10.4)

28.2 (11.3)

0.22

27.1 (10.5)

28.1 (10.8)

0.34

Boy (%)

51.7

66.4

0.002

53.2

53.2

0.99

51.5

69.0

 <0.001

Breast feeding (%)

  

0.16

  

0.16

  

0.97

Exclusive breast feeding

43.9

35.2

 

43.8

35.7

 

43.0

42.9

 

Mixed feeding

38.9

44.5

 

38.7

46.8

 

39.6

38.9

 

Exclusive formula feeding

17.2

20.3

 

17.5

17.5

 

17.4

18.2

 

Indoor activity (%)

  

0.20

  

0.35

  

0.042

 <5.0 hours/day

31.8

35.9

 

31.7

37.3

 

31.2

41.3

 

5.0–6.9 hours/day

32.1

35.9

 

33.0

27.8

 

32.5

31.7

 

 ≥7. hours/day

36.1

28.2

 

35.3

34.9

 

36.3

27.0

 

Outdoor activity (%)

  

0.73

  

0.53

  

0.12

 <1.5 hours/day

33.7

30.4

 

33.2

35.7

 

33.3

34.9

 

1.5–1.9 hours/day

25.5

25.8

 

25.9

21.4

 

26.3

18.3

 

 ≥2.0 hours/days

40.8

43.8

 

40.9

42.9

 

40.4

46.8

 

TV watching time (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

0.02

  

0.46

0 hour/day

36.5

25.0

 

36.1

27.8

 

35.1

37.3

 

 <1.0 hour/day

36.7

28.9

 

36.1

33.3

 

36.4

31.0

 

 ≥1.0 hours/day

26.8

46.1

 

27.8

38.9

 

28.5

31.7

 

Sleeping time (%)

  

0.13

  

0.34

  

0.003

 <11.0 hours/day

36.3

44.5

 

36.6

42.0

 

35.9

49.2

 

11.0–11.9 hours/day

30.7

29.7

 

30.5

31.0

 

30.6

30.2

 

 ≥12.0 hours/day

33.0

25.8

 

32.9

27.0

 

33.5

20.6

 
  1. Baseline characteristics represent mean (SD) or percentage.
  2. aGestational weight gain categories: Inadequate (1): <12.5 kg (pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), <11.5 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), <7 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and <5 kg (BMI > 28 kg/m2); Adequate (1): 12.5–18 kg (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), 11.5–16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), 7–11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and 5–9 kg (BMI > 28 kg/m2); Excessive (1): >18 kg (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), >16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), >11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and >9 kg (BMI > 28 kg/m2), according to the Chinese maternal pre-pregnancy BMI classification standard and the 2009 IOM GWG recommendations.
  3. bObesity was defined as a body mass index more than the 95th percentiles (≥1.645 Z score) for age and gender specific distribution using WHO growth reference.
  4. cCenter obesity was defined as more than the 90th percentiles for age and gender specific distribution of waist circumference.
  5. dHyperglycemia was defined as more than the 90th percentiles of fasting glucose.
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