Table 1 Markers Selected for the Development of a Diagnostic Panel for Lung Cancer.
From: Highly Sensitive Marker Panel for Guidance in Lung Cancer Rapid Diagnostic Units
Marker | Function in Cancer | Usefulness in LC diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) | Binding of EGF to receptor promotes tumour growth and progression42 | Suitable discrimination of LC/NSCLC from healthy and benign lung pathologies19,20 |
sCD26 | Immune regulation and co-stimulatory activities43 Tumour suppressor protein in NSCLC44 | Suitable diagnostic potential for LC vs healthy21, healthy/ benign19 or NSCLC-MPE/NSCLC-PMPE22 |
Calprotectin (CAL) | Antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory functions, tumour development45 Mediate lung metastases46 | Promising marker in LC derived by pleural effusion23 and LC19 |
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-1, −7, −9) | Extracellular matrix degradation leading to cancer invasion and metastasis, processing of growth factors, regulation of apoptosis and angiogenesis, tumour-associated inflammation and immune escape47 | MMP-1: Poor diagnostic capacity for LC vs healthy controls in plasma48 |
MMP-7: Moderate diagnostic potential for NSCLC vs healthy and benign lung disease49 | ||
MMP-9: Good diagnostic potential for LC vs control and benign lung affections50,51 | ||
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | Belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily, acting in cell adhesion and innate immunity52 | Moderate diagnostic potential for LC vs non-malignant pathologies4,24,25 |
CYFRA 21.1 | Fragment of Cytokeratin 19, constituent of cytoskeleton and expressed in epithelial differentiation53 | Moderate diagnostic potential for LC vs non-malignant pathologies4,24,25 |
