Figure 4: Metabolic pathway of glucose and fructose39.
From: Unraveling the cytotoxicity and metabolic pathways of binary natural deep eutectic solvent systems
(De Gruyter The role of fructose in metabolism and cancer, Walter De Druyter GmbH Berlin Boston (2015). Copyright and all rights reserved, Material from this publication has been used with the permission of Walter De Gruyter Gmbh.) Glucose intracellular transport occurs by means of the insulin-dependent transporter Glut4, whereas fructose enters the cell through Glut 5. Insulin directly promote glucose metabolism through glycolysis or its storage as glycogen, by controlling the transcription of glucokinase (GK). Red arrows represent pathways used by glucose. Black arrows represent pathways used by glucose but preferentially by fructose. Metabolites and enzymes. Glut: glucose transporter; KHK: ketohexokinase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; G6P: glucose-6-phosphate; F1P: fructose-1-phosphate; F6P: fructose-6-phosphate; F1,6P2: fructose1,6 biphosphate; GA: glyceraldehyde; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; G3P: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; TG: triglyceride.
